This study aimed to (1) set a reference value for anterior center edge angle (ACEA) for preoperative planning of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), (2) investigate the effects of pelvic rotation and ...inclination from false profile (FP) radiographs on the measured ACEA, and (3) determine the "appropriate range of positioning" for FP radiograph. This single-centered, retrospective study analyzed 61 patients (61 hips) who underwent PAO from April 2018 and May 2021. ACEA was measured in each digitally reconstructed radiography (DRR) image of the FP radiograph reconstructed in different degrees of pelvic rotation. Detailed simulations were performed to determine the "appropriate range of positioning" (0.67 < ratio of the distance between the femoral heads to the diameter of the femoral head < 1.0). The vertical-center-anterior (VCA) angle was measured on the CT sagittal plane considering the patient-specific standing positions, and its correlation with the ACEA was investigated. The reference value of ACEA was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ACEA measurement increased by 0.35° for every 1° pelvic rotation approaching the true lateral view. The pelvic rotation with the "appropriate range of positioning" was found at 5.0° (63.3-68.3°). The ACEA on the FP radiographs showed a good correlation with the VCA angle. The ROC curve revealed that an ACEA < 13.6° was associated with inadequate anterior coverage (VCA < 32°). Our findings suggest that during preoperative PAO planning, an ACEA < 13.6° on FP radiographs indicates insufficient anterior acetabular coverage. Images with the "appropriate positioning" can also have a measurement error of 1.7° due to the pelvic rotation.
Intra-individual coexistence of anthropometrically defined undernutrition and 'metabolic obesity', characterised by presence of at least one abnormal cardiometabolic risk factor, is rarely ...investigated in young children and adolescents, particularly in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition.
Prevalence of biomarkers of metabolic obesity was related to anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics in 5-19 years old participants from the population-based Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey in India (2016-2018). The biomarkers, serum lipid-profile (total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides), fasting glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and all jointly were analysed in 22567, 23192, 25962 and 19143 participants, respectively.
Overall (entire dataset), the prevalence of abnormalities was low (4.3-4.5%) for LDL and TC, intermediate for dysglycemia (10.9-16.1%), and high for HDL and triglycerides (21.7-25.8%). Proportions with ≥1 abnormal metabolic obesity biomarker(s) were 56.2% overall, 54.2% in thin (BMI-for-age < -2 SD) and 59.3% in stunted (height-for-age < -2 SD) participants. Comparable prevalence was evident in mild undernutrition (-1 to -2 SD). Clustering of two borderline abnormalities occurred in one-third, warranting active life-style interventions. Metabolic obesity prevalence increased with BMI-for-age. Among those with metabolic obesity, only 9% were overweight/obese (>1 SD BMI-for-age). Among poor participants, triglyceride, glucose and HDL abnormalities were higher.
A paradoxical, counter-intuitive prevalence of metabolic obesity biomarker(s) exists in over half of anthropometrically undernourished and normal-weight Indian children and adolescents. There is a crucial need for commensurate investments to address overnutrition along with undernutrition. Nutritional status should be characterized through additional reliable biomarkers, instead of anthropometry alone.
There seems to be no information on the incidence of injury and associated risk factors for academy football players in Ghana. We determine the risk factors associated with match and training ...injuries among male football players at an academy in Ghana. Preseason measurements of players' height, weight, and ankle dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) were measured with a stadiometer (Seca 213), a digital weighing scale (Omron HN-289), and tape measure, respectively. The functional ankle instability (FAI) of players was measured using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and dynamic postural control was measured with the Star Excursion Balance Test. Injury surveillance data for all injuries were collected by resident physiotherapists throughout one season. Selected factors associated with injury incidence were tested using Spearman's rank correlation at a 5% significance level. Age was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.589, p = 0.000), match (r = - 0.294, p = 0.008), and training incidence (r = - 0.314, p = 0.005). Previous injury of U18s was associated with training injuries (r = 0.436, p = 0.023). Body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.513, p = 0.000), and training incidence (r = - 0.395, p = 0.000). CAIT scores were associated with overall injury incidence (n = 0.263, p = 0.019) and match incidence (r = 0.263, p = 0.029). The goalkeeper position was associated with match incidence (r = 0.241, p = 0.031) while the U16 attacker position was associated with training incidence. Exposure hours was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.599, p = 0.000). Age, BMI, previous injury, goalkeeper and attacker positions, ankle DF ROM, and self-reported FAI were associated with injury incidence among academy football players in Ghana.
ObjectivesThe Middle Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) bracelet is a widely used instrument in public health assessments and humanitarian assistance projects. The WHO guidelines present a universal ...cut‐off point of 115 mm to determine whether a child has severe acute malnutrition. The objective of this study is to analyze the existing differences in the MUAC for boys and girls aged between 6 and 59 months, from 22 countries distributed in three different continents, in contrast to the use of this single cut‐off point. In addition, the creation of MUAC growth charts is presented for reference use.Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out with a database developed by Action Against Hunger, composed, after the data pre‐processing phase, of 97 921 individuals without anthropometric failure from African, Asian, and American continents. MUAC measurements were compared between countries, dividing by sex and age groups. A k‐means method was used to create country clusters to allow comparisons and the variability was resumed using a Principal Component Analysis. For each cluster, growth curves were created and smoothed using the LOESS method.ResultsOur research has revealed the existence of differences in the MUAC between countries in both, males and females, although with different trends. The evidence was confirmed with the creation of two clusters using the k‐means method, which, when graphically represented by the Principal Component Analysis, showed that the MUAC was clearly different. There were also differences between males and females within each cluster, where growth curves did not overlap in any age group.ConclusionsAll statistical analysis indicate that there are differences in the MUAC values for children without anthropometric failure between countries, but also between sexes. With this research, a new reference is proposed that consider the existing variability between human populations to improve the precision in the determination of severe acute malnutrition in children.
The 2D pattern-making methods which are entirely based on body measurements are widely used and practiced to design garments in today’s digital environment. Such a method is highly criticized due to ...a lack of consideration for the body's different morphological and anthropometric data. However, such a method would be effective with many precise and repetitive adjustments and with the help of manual expert know-how. For the last few decades, designers have also used a garment designing technique that is carried out directly on a physical mannequin or fashion model, called the draping technique. The current study is devising and implementing a digital garment design technique in the 3D pattern-making process to create and fit the human body morphology in a 3D digital environment. This technique is based on the analysis of 2D pattern-making methods used by model makers. It also highlights the morphological contour and anthropometric links that have been used to develop a similar method in a 3D environment. However, the proposed methods are performed directly on the 3D wearer's morphology as in the manual 3D draping techniques, which avoids morphological interpretation errors. Such a process helps to control the fit of the 3D garment by determining the ease allowance. Besides, the methods integrated a 3D zoning technique to improve the 3D modelling and to ensure the best possible drape and analysis between the garment and the wearer's body. Further work is required to validate the block pattern for general application based on various parameters including fabric, garment style, body position, etc.
Sarcopenic obesity is defined as the presence of high fat mass and low muscle mass combined with low physical function, and it is closely related with the onset of cardiovasular diseases (CVD). The ...existing anthropometric indices, which are being utilised in clinical practice as predictors of CVD, may also be used to screen sarcopenic obesity, but their feasibility remained unknown. Using cross-sectional data of 2031 participants aged 70–84 years (mean age, 75·9 ± 3·9 years; 49·2 % women) from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study, we analysed the association of anthropometric indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) with sarcopenic obesity. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Higher WWI, WHtR and WC quartiles were associated with higher risk of sarcopenic obesity; the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenic obesity were highest in the fourth quartile of the WWI (OR: 10·99, 95 % CI: 4·92–24·85, P
for trend < 0·001). WWI provided the best diagnostic power for sarcopenic obesity in men (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0·781, 95 % CI: 0·751–0·837). No anthropometric indices were significantly associated with sarcopenic obesity in women. WWI was the only index that was negatively correlated with physical function in both men and women. WWI showed the strongest association with sarcopenic obesity, defined by high fat mass and low muscle mass combined with low physical function only in older men. No anthropometric indices were associated with sarcopenic obesity in older women.
To examine the
(i)
relationships between various body mass index (BMI)-derived metrics for measuring severe obesity (SO) over time based the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World ...Health Organization (WHO) references and
(ii)
ability of these metrics to discriminate children and adolescents based on the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors. In this cohort study completed from 2013 to 2021, we examined data from 3- to 18-year-olds enrolled in the CANadian Pediatric Weight management Registry. Anthropometric data were used to create nine BMI-derived metrics based on the CDC and WHO references. Cardiometabolic risk factors were examined, including dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. Analyses included Pearson correlations, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and receiver operator characteristic area-under-the-curve (ROC AUC). Our sample included 1,288 participants (n = 666 52% girls; n = 874 68% white). The prevalence of SO varied from 60–67%, depending on the definition. Most BMI-derived metrics were positively and significantly related to one another (r = 0.45–1.00); ICCs revealed high tracking (0.90–0.94). ROC AUC analyses showed CDC and WHO metrics had a modest ability to discriminate the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, which improved slightly with increasing numbers of risk factors. Overall, most BMI-derived metrics rated poorly in identifying presence of cardiometabolic risk factors.
Conclusion
: CDC BMI percent of the 95
th
percentile and WHO BMIz performed similarly as measures of SO, although neither showed particularly impressive discrimination. They appear to be interchangeable in clinical care and research in pediatrics, but there is a need for a universal standard. WHO BMIz may be useful for clinicians and researchers from countries that recommend using the WHO growth reference.
What is Known:
• Severe obesity in pediatrics is a global health issue.
• Few reports have evaluated body mass index (BMI)-derived metrics based on the World Health Organization growth reference.
What is New:
• Our analyses showed that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI percent of the 95
th
percentile and World Health Organization (WHO) BMI z-score (BMIz) performed similarly as measures of severe obesity in pediatrics.
• WHO BMIz should be a useful metric to measure severe obesity for clinicians and researchers from countries that recommend using the WHO growth reference.
For decades, researchers have observed that eccentric (ECC) muscle strength is greater than concentric (CON) muscle strength. However, knowledge of the ECC:CON strength ratio is incomplete and might ...inform resistance exercise prescriptions. Our purposes were to determine the magnitude of the ECC:CON ratio of human skeletal muscle in vivo and explore if sex, age, joint actions/exercises, and movement velocity impact it. A total of 340 studies were identified through searches. It was possible to analyse 1516 ECC:CON ratios, aggregated from 12,546 individuals who made up 564 groups in 335 of the identified studies. Approximately 98% of measurements occurred on isokinetic machines. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed using log-ratios as response variables then exponentiated back to raw ratios. The overall main model estimate for the ECC:CON ratio was 1.41 (95% credible interval CI 1.38–1.44). The ECC:CON ratio was slightly less in men (1.38 CI 1.34–1.41) than women (1.47 CI 1.43–1.51), and greater in older adults (1.62 CI 1.57–1.68) than younger adults (1.39 CI 1.36–1.42). The ratio was similar between grouped upper-body (1.42 CI 1.38–1.46) and lower-body joint actions/exercises (1.40 CI 1.37–1.44). However, heterogeneity in the ratio existed across joint actions/exercises, with point estimates ranging from 1.32 to 2.61. The ECC:CON ratio was most greatly impacted by movement velocity, with a 0.20% increase in the ratio for every 1°/s increase in velocity. The results show that ECC muscle strength is ~ 40% greater than CON muscle strength. However, the ECC:CON ratio is greatly affected by movement velocity and to lesser extents age and sex. Differences between joint actions/exercises likely exist, but more data are needed to provide more precise estimates.
