In Japan during the 2000s, the national government encouraged municipal mergers. This policy was called "major mergers during the Heisei era" (MMH), and one of its purposes was to improve the ...administrative capacities of municipal governments. Before MMH, however, to supplement municipal administrative capabilities, the national government established wider-area municipal spheres (WAMSs) or koiki-shichoson-ken, each of which comprised one central city municipality (some exceptional WAMSs had two or three centers) and several rural municipalities. It can therefore be said that MMH changed the means of empowering municipalities from WAMSs to mergers.This paper examines regional differences among the degrees of areal correspondence between WAMSs and the merged municipalities by employing two original indices of WAMSs: the ratio of decrease in the number of municipalities (RDM) and the number of smaller municipalities that joined a central municipality (RSC). The RDM represents the number of municipalities that decreased in each WAMS during the period of MMH, and the RSC indicates the number of non-central municipalities decided to merge with their central municipality.Based on these two indices, this paper classifies WAMSs into the three following categories and shows their locations:1. WAMSs that correspond well with the merged municipalities (which have a high RDM and a high RSC) tend to be on the periphery of prefectures.2. WAMSs in which there were few municipal mergers (and therefore have a low RDM) tend to be in Hokkaido, Tohoku, or nearby metropolitan areas.3. WAMSs in which a central city municipality was excluded from municipal mergers (which have a high RDM and a low RSC) tend to be in Hokuriku, Southern Shikoku, or within a radius of 100 kilometers of Tokyo or Osaka.
Uravnotežen gradski sustav, koordinacija i suradnja među unutarnjim (decentraliziranim, submunicipalnim) gradskim jedinicama nužni su preduvjeti kako bi se učinkovito upravljalo gradom, te izbjegla ...neravnoteža i nedovoljan razvoj pojedinih dijelova grada. Postavlja se stoga pitanje kako postići traženi uravnoteženi gradski sustav. Odgovor ne leži uvijek u povećanju autonomije unutarnjih gradskih jedinica, već je ponekad dovoljno osnažiti mehanizme suradnje, koordinacije i razmjene podataka kako bi se spriječilo urušavanje gradskih sustava.
U prvome dijelu rada razmatra se zakonski položaj unutarnjih gradskih jedinica europskih gradova – prvenstveno onih u središnjoj Europi, te nešto manje onih koji čine dio gradskih konglomerata i metropolitanskih područja, s posebnim osvrtom na nadležnosti koje se odnose na učinkovito upravljanje i demokratske procese. U drugome dijelu rada detaljno se analizira upravljanje gradom te nadležnosti gradskih općina – unutarnjih jedinica u koje su podijeljeni gradovi u Republici Srbiji. Zaključak je da pravna priroda i položaj gradskih općina nisu dovoljno dobro definirani ni teoretski ni pravnom regulacijom. Lakše je definirati
što gradske općine nisu nego što jesu. Gradske općine oformilo je šest od ukupno 24 grada, uključujući Beograd. Kako Zakon o lokalnoj samoupravi iz 2007. ne sadrži normativne odredbe, u radu se analiziraju gradski statuti koji uređuju unutarnju organizaciju šest spomenutih gradova s ciljem razmatranja upravnih tijela i nadležnosti gradskih općina u Srbiji. No statutima nisu uređeni svi aspekti potrebni kako bi gradske općine uspješno funkcionirale. Štoviše, pojedine gradske općine i postoje samo na papiru, a ne i u stvarnosti.
We developed the Emergence Model and introduced the concept of social and human capital into designing and evaluating the Healthy Cities/Municipalities project to ensure health promotion ...infrastructure. This model hypothesizes that through the interaction and utilization of the other forms of capital, namely financial, physical and natural, the emergence of collective action takes place in the community or municipal setting. Subsequently, collective action may influence health and quality of life determinants. Once health and quality of life improvements are achieved, the enhancement of the social, human and other capital may be brought about through positive feedback, and successive collective action is thereby facilitated. According to the model, practitioners and policy makers of the Healthy Cities/Municipalities project should primarily strengthen social and human capital. The model is currently applied to designing the Healthy Municipalities project implemented in rural areas of Northeast Brazil, where infrastructure and a supportive environment to facilitate collective action for control over health and health determinant have been considerably frail due to geographical, historical, social and cultural reasons. Various interventions have been conducted in the scope of the project to enhance social and human capital on three levels, namely the state, municipality and community. Through the capacity development of health promoters, obliging volunteers and so on, the project attempts to create the social mechanism that enables people to build healthy public policies through inter- and trans-sectoral collaboration as well as to address and resolve day-to-day issues using their potentialities.
päähine Helsingin kaupunki
2000/valmistusaika 1999
Image
Open access
fyysinen kuvaus: Juhlapäähine, muotoon leikatusta kartongista aiteltava tötterö. Yhdessä nurkassa osuusliike Elannon nimi ja mehiläis-logo. Lisäksi kaupungin vaakuna sekä painatus: Helsingfors 1550 - ...2000 - Helsinki 450.
Physical description: A banquet headdress, a piece of paper cut into shape. In one corner, the cooperative movement Elanto’s name and bee logo. In addition, the coat of arms of the city as well as printing: Helsingfors 1550 - 2000 - Helsinki 450.
fyysinen kuvaus: Tärkeimmät rakennukset piirroksina; oik. alh. Helsingin vaakuna. Helsinkiaiheinen palapaeli, väripainatus; tyylitelty kartta Helsingin keskustasta ja lähiympäristöstä; kaupunginosat ...ja pääkadut merkitty tekstein.
PDF
