This article focuses on the contents of Encounter magazine in 1962–63, the final years that it received secret indirect funding from the CIA. It demonstrates that the editorial policy of the magazine ...was staunchly pro-European and was often highly critical of British isolationism. In particular, this chapter examines in detail two symposia stage-managed by editor Melvin Lasky: ‘Going into Europe’ and ‘Suicide of a Nation?’ The first symposium, spread over four issues, canvassed the opinions of prominent intellectuals regarding Britain’s application to join the Common Market (they were in favour by a ratio 5:1) and contained an editorial from Lasky reacting to devastating news of Charles de Gaulle’s veto. The second symposium took the form of a special issue guest-edited by the Hungarian refugee, Arthur Koestler, and was provocatively titled ‘Suicide of a Nation?’ In this special issue, Koestler criticized Britain’s apparent failure to adapt to the post-war world. Other contributors, notably Michael Shanks and Andrew Shonfield, elaborated on modern Britain’s economic and social ills, advising the UK to join forces with a resurgent western Europe. This article argues that supporters of US foreign policy were an important force on British public debate regarding Europe and pays close attention to the dynamics of the Cold War as a shaping context for these symposia. It shows that contributions by controversial public intellectual Koestler shed light on aspects of the anti-Communist editorial policy of Encounter. This article closes by gauging the impact of these symposia on attempts to reform the British Establishment.
The legal declarations on functional foods of the four main economic integration organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) – Pacific Alliance (PA), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), ...Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and Central American Integration System (SICA) - are based on the Codex Alimentarius system and do not regulate functional foods. The use of Codex in food marketing is an insufficient condition for its application in functional foods. Regulation based on scientific and technology results are required to be used in the economic integration organizations of LAC. Objective. The objective is to analyze the theoretical framework of the legal foundations that could govern the commercialization processes of functional foods, whose research advances have currently only been manifested in nutritional health. This article also seeks to address this gap through a systematic analysis of international regulations. Materials and methods. For this, a review of the literature emanating from two databases from 2018-2023 is carried by applying the legal-economic research method of documentary content analysis, applied to three general food marketing regulations: food safety declarations, regulations for inspections, food manufacturing and food labeling. Results. The results reveal the absence of specific legislation for functional foods in LAC economic integration organizations. Conclusions. The legal principle of marketing based on peremptory norm (also called jus cogens) can be facilitated through side letters, included in the contents of international contracts. along with the registration requirements of industrial property rights of the member countries associations.
Positioning of nootropics in the national market Abdulkarim, Al Nukari; Bushuieva, I. V.; Hladysheva, S. А.
Aktualʹnì pitannâ farmacevtičnoï ì medičnoï nauki ta praktiki,
10/2018
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract Peptides of vasopressin stimulating the processes of study and memory are situated between the most perspective nootropics. The aim of work is forming an informational file about medicines ...with nootropic action and determination of the actuality and advisability of new drugs development, basing on the marketing research of nootropics domestic market. Materials and methods. Internet-base of State register of drugs, Compendium and State logbook of medicines. Results. Analysis of modern state of nootropics showed that assortment of medicines belonging to this group and having influence on memory improvement is very limited. Home-made drugs with nootropic action containing peptides of vasopressin aren’t registered. Conclusions. Research of modern domestic market of nootropics allowed to establish that on the modern stage at this segment inUkraine 24 active substances from the list of international nonproprietary names of World Health Organization are registered and presented by 107 commercial names. At the same time in quantitative expression home-made medicines are prevailed but the main profit is provided by the imported nootropics. It is established that oral dosage forms (pills and capsules) are the main nootropics used in domestic practical medicine. Applicative dosage forms with nootropic active pharmaceutical ingredients inUkraine are absent. Cerebrolysin, piracetam, phenotropil are the leaders of price rating of nootropics sale. Considering the low level of bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients at oral route of administration the research for creating of original pharmacotherapeutic medications for alternative transmucosal application of appropriate dosage forms (nasal ointments) on the base of peptides of vasopressin will allow to create nootropic drugs providing with high efficacy and maximal minimization of side effects and adequate by the indexes of paying capacity.
The literature on the comparative political economy of taxation often links consumption taxation to the welfare state. It argues that the expansion of consumption taxation paid for the expansion of ...welfare states and that bigger welfare states therefore tax consumption more heavily. We challenge this perspective by looking at the introduction of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in the European Economic Community in 1967, the breakthrough of this form of consumption taxation. Studying the crucial case of Germany, and complementing it with the shadow case of the Netherlands, we demonstrate that political struggles about this reform did not center on a conflict between supporters and opponents of welfare state expansion. Instead, the VAT was primarily a tool to foster market integration in Europe by reducing barriers to trade. As we show, the coalition in support of the VAT only succeeded after it won the backing of important export interests.
Abstract
In recent decades, the number of refugees in protracted stateless situations has steadily risen. These vulnerable individuals face serious economic and political issues in their host ...communities. We assessed the common market project in Tanzania’s Nyarugusu refugee camp, examining its impact on refugees’ self-reliance and its role in determining peaceful coexistence between refugees and host communities. Through field research and empirical analysis of original survey data gathered from 473 refugee households and 505 host community households, we demonstrate that use of the common market has increased the incomes of both refugees and host communities. Furthermore, interactions within the common market have improved the relationship between refugees and host communities, bringing deeper trust between them. This study supports the market-based approach targeting refugees and host communities near refugee camps as an alternative to the conventional humanitarian aid methods. This approach could effectively ameliorate prolonged refugee crises around the world, where people suffer from decreasing resources and increasing anti-refugee sentiments.
This study examines the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis in the context of developed countries' agricultural sector, considering the existence of a common market among countries. Using ...the annual data of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1997 to 2016, we analyze the effect of agricultural exports on agricultural growth. For the comparison between developed countries with and without common markets, we create three subsamples (OECD, the European Union EU countries among OECD members, and the non-EU countries among OECD members). Estimation results show that agricultural exports (imports) have a positive (negative) effect on agricultural growth only in the case of the EU subsample. These results imply that access to foreign markets is important to validate the export-led growth hypothesis in the agricultural sector of developed countries.
This paper offers a brief account of the support given by the promoters of the 1959 Stabilization Plan to the pro-European policy led by Fernando María Castiella. Specifically, it focuses on the role ...of the Minister of Finance Mariano Navarro Rubio (1957-1965), and it is based on the consultation of his personal archive and other complementary documentary collections.
En este trabajo se ofrece un breve relato del apoyo prestado por los impulsores del Plan de Estabilización de 1959 a la política europeísta liderada por Fernando María Castiella. En concreto, centra su mirada en el rol del Ministro de Hacienda Mariano Navarro Rubio (1957-1965), a partir de las posibilidades que plantea para su estudio la consulta de su archivo personal y de otros fondos documentales complementarios.
European integration through mutual recognition has facilitated the growth of a pan‐European labour supply system in which transnational subcontractors ‘post’ workers from low‐wage areas to higher ...wage areas. This allows employers to create spaces of exception in which the national industrial relations system of the country where work occurs does not fully apply. Drawing on interviews with managers, workers, unionists and works councillors at the European Central Bank construction site in Frankfurt, Germany, this article shows how transnational subcontracting allows employers to access, and create competition between, sovereign regulatory regimes. It concludes that high‐cost, high‐collective good national systems such as the German one, which depend on territorial boundedness for their integrity, are likely to be destabilized by this aspect of European integration.
This article concerns the implementation of new EU Directives coordinating the procedures for awarding public contracts in European Union Member States. In a number of countries, including Poland, ...the process of their implementation (Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement; Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport, and postal services sectors; Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts) was delayed. In most cases, the modernization of EU regulations on public procurement required a thorough modification of national regulations in this respect. As a result of the introduction of the package of new Directives, the European Union public procurement market has undergone substantial changes. The need to adjust legal regulations to the changing political, social, and economic situations in a better way has resulted in the transposition of the modernized EU Directives concerning public procurement to the Polish legal system, affecting the final shape of the new Polish Public Procurement Law. The implementation of the package of new Directives has significantly affected the functioning of the Polish public procurement market. For the entities operating in this market, this means the necessity to expand their knowledge, so as to become familiar with the new legal solutions in this respect.
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