Working life is in a major transition and environmental, societal, and economic problems challenge human activities. The need to develop reliance and sustainability also through higher education is ...evident. It has been anticipated that emphasis on entrepreneurship competencies will be even stronger in the future. In this reprint, we provide insights on how to develop entrepreneurial competencies within higher education and its existing networks. It guides the reader to understand how political documents steer the implementation of global goals and what could be improved. Second, we present how pedagogical solutions and models can meaningfully support the development of entrepreneurial competencies in the field of higher education. We show the complexity of this phenomenon, thus developing a deeper understanding of this educational issue. Third, we highlight the essence of developing teacher education in this context. Fourth, we stress that entrepreneurial competencies are also needed in the working life. We present some interesting key points for developing entrepreneurial higher education from the entrepreneurial ecosystem point of view. It consists of 13 articles from international scientific experts in this field and provides new knowledge, ideas and opportunities for creating practices to enhance the development entrepreneurial, sustainable and resilient societies. It is targeted to researchers, policy-makers, higher education providers, stakeholders, educators and trainers.
Working life is in a major transition. Furthermore, environmental, societal, and economic problems challenge human activities. The need to develop reliance and sustainability also through higher ...education is evident. It has been anticipated that emphasis on entrepreneurship competencies will be even stronger in the future. In this book, Entrepreneurial Education Strengthening Resilience, Societal Change and Sustainability, we provide insights on how to develop entrepreneurial competencies within higher education and its existing networks. First, the book guides the reader to understand how political documents steer the implementation of global goals and what could be improved. Second, we present how pedagogical solutions and models can meaningfully support the development of entrepreneurial competencies in the field of higher education. We also show the complexity of this phenomenon, thus developing a deeper understanding of this educational issue. Third, we highlight the essence of developing teacher education in this context. Fourth, we stress that entrepreneurial competencies are also needed in the working life. Lastly, we present some interesting key points for developing entrepreneurial higher education from the entrepreneurial ecosystem point of view. The book consists of 13 articles from international scientific experts in this field. Our book provides new knowledge, ideas and opportunities for creating practices to enhance the development entrepreneurial, sustainable and resilient societies. The book is targeted to researchers, policy-makers, higher education providers, stakeholders, educators and trainers.
The professional digital competence (PDC) of teachers is of growing importance in classrooms, now that digital resources and digital media are becoming important parts of teachers' everyday practice. ...This study explores how newly qualified teachers are prepared to use information and communication technology (ICT) in their initial teacher education (ITE). We present findings of a nationwide survey in Norway on 356 newly qualified teachers. It explores how these teachers' ICT self-efficacy is related to how they perceive the quality of, and contributions from, their ITE related to ICT and the development of their PDC. In general, newly qualified teachers report fairly poor quality and contribution of ICT training during their teacher education. We claim that continuous effort is needed to review the quality of ITE and contribute specifically to the development of PDC and developing student teachers' ICT self-efficacy in ITE.
Social difficulties are a key aspect of autism, but the intervening factors are still poorly understood. This study had two objectives: to compare the profile of ToM skills, executive functioning ...(EF), and pragmatic competence (PC) of children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and children with typical development (TD), and analyze their mediator role in social functioning. The participants were 52 children with HFA and 37 children with TD matched on age, intelligence quotient, and expressive vocabulary. Significant differences were found on measures of ToM, both explicit and applied, EF, and PC between children with HFA and TD. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that applied ToM skills and PC mediated the relations between autism symptoms and social functioning. Implications for social cognitive interventions to address these findings are discussed.
Pharmacists' clinical competency is necessary to ensure patient safety and medication optimization. There are many barriers to the implementation of competency assessments and scant literature on ...their implementation. We aimed to determine if a competency assessment program for hospital pharmacists is feasible, acceptable, and effective.
Clinical competency assessments of hospital pharmacists were conducted. During the assessments, pharmacists presented a patient case or completed patient care activities while a leadership team member evaluated them using a competency rubric and provided feedback. A postevaluation electronic survey adapted from validated tools regarding perceptions of program feasibility and acceptability was emailed to the pharmacists following each competency assessment and to evaluators at study conclusion. Feasibility was also measured through reviewing rubrics for completion within the 1.5- to 2-hour assessment timeframe. Effectiveness was captured by comparing results to expected competency levels based on experience.
In total, 20 assessments were completed. Fifty percent of assessments required longer than the allotted timeframe. Most participants surveyed found the competency assessments implementable, possible, doable, and easy to use. The majority also approved of the implemented assessments and found them appealing, likable, and welcomed and commented that they aided in professional development. For 50% of the competencies assessed, most participants aligned with competency expectations based on years of experience.
The implementation of these competency assessments was found to be feasible and acceptable to hospital pharmacists. The rubric used was found to be moderately effective. Major implementation barriers were related to time constraints and criteria for success. Future work will be done to enhance the program's effectiveness.
This paper provides a response to Ridley et al.’s Major Contribution on the state of multicultural counseling competence (MCC) and their proposed refinement and extension of this construct. They pose ...the following multiprong question: “Is multicultural counseling competence becoming outdated and supplanted, or is it underdeveloped and in need of refinement?” We use this question to examine the MCC model that Ridley et al. have proposed in this Major Contribution. We summarize and critique each paper, and close with our own conclusions about the above question. We are concerned that the characteristics of the clinicians seem to be secondary to MCC. We also question the lack of focus on the sociopolitical context and the limited inclusion of diverse scholarship in creating a universal MCC model.
Abstract
This paper presents perspectives and controversies surrounding the use of milestones to assess competency in outcomes-based medical education. Global perspectives (Canada, Europe, and the ...United States) and developments supporting their rationales are discussed. In Canada, there is a significant movement away from conceptualizing competency based on time, and a move toward demonstration of specific competencies. The success of this movement may require complex (rather than reductionist) milestones that reflect students' progression through complexity and context and a method to narrate their journey. European countries (United Kingdom, France, and Germany) have stressed the complexity associated with time and milestones for medical students to truly achieve competence. To meet the changing demands of medicine, they view time as actually providing students with knowledge and exposure to achieve various milestones. In the United States, milestones are based on sampling throughout professional development to initiate lifelong learning. However, the use of milestones may not imply overall competence (reductionism). Milestones must be developed alongside outcomes-based curriculum with use of faculty and competency committees. The perspectives outlined in this paper underscore emerging challenges for implementing outcomes-based medical education and call for new conceptualizations of competence.
This study replicates a validation of the Interprofessional Collaboration Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS), a 20-item self-report instrument designed to assess behaviours associated with ...patient-centred, team-based, collaborative care. We appraised the content validity of the ICCAS for a foundation course in interprofessional collaboration, investigated its internal (factor) structure and concurrent validity, and compared results with those obtained previously by ICCAS authors. Self-assessed competency ratings were obtained from a broad spectrum of pre-licensure, health professions students (n = 785) using a retrospective, pre-/post-design. Moderate to large effect sizes emerged for 16 of 20 items. Largest effects (1.01, 0.94) were for competencies emphasized in the course; the smallest effect (0.35) was for an area not directly taught. Positive correlations were seen between all individual item change scores and a separate item assessing overall change, and item-total correlations were moderate to strong. Exploratory factor analysis was used to understand the interrelationship of ICCAS items. Principal component analysis identified a single factor (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) accounting for 85% of the total variance-slightly higher than the 73% reported previously. Findings suggest strong overlaps in the proposed constructs being assessed; use of a total average score is justifiable for assessment and evaluation.
To develop and conduct feasibility testing of an evidence-based and theory-informed model for facilitating performance feedback for physicians so as to enhance their acceptance and use of the ...feedback.
To develop the feedback model (2011-2013), the authors drew on earlier research which highlights not only the factors that influence giving, receiving, accepting, and using feedback but also the theoretical perspectives which enable the understanding of these influences. The authors undertook an iterative, multistage, qualitative study guided by two recognized research frameworks: the UK Medical Research Council guidelines for studying complex interventions and realist evaluation. Using these frameworks, they conducted the research in four stages: (1) modeling, (2) facilitator preparation, (3) model feasibility testing, and (4) model refinement. They analyzed data, using content and thematic analysis, and used the findings from each stage to inform the subsequent stage.
Findings support the facilitated feedback model, its four phases-build relationship, explore reactions, explore content, coach for performance change (R2C2)-and the theoretical perspectives informing them. The findings contribute to understanding elements that enhance recipients' engagement with, acceptance of, and productive use of feedback. Facilitators reported that the model made sense and the phases generally flowed logically. Recipients reported that the feedback process was helpful and that they appreciated the reflection stimulated by the model and the coaching.
The theory- and evidence-based reflective R2C2 Facilitated Feedback Model appears stable and helpful for physicians in facilitating their reflection on and use of formal performance assessment feedback.
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