•A review on the variety of CAES concepts and their historical background is given.•An extensive classification and comparison of different CAES types is carried out.•The concept of exergy is applied ...to enhance the fundamental understanding of CAES.•The importance of accurate fluid property data for the design of CAES is examined.•General aspects on CAES applications and upcoming R&D challenges are discussed.
Over the past decades a variety of different approaches to realize Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) have been undertaken. This article gives an overview of present and past approaches by classifying and comparing CAES processes. This classification and comparison is substantiated by a broad historical background on how CAES has evolved over time from its very beginning until its most recent advancements. A broad review on the variety of CAES concepts and compressed air storage (CAS) options is given, evaluating their individual strengths and weaknesses. The concept of exergy is applied to CAES in order to enhance the fundamental understanding of CAES. Furthermore, the importance of accurate fluid property data for the calculation and design of CAES processes is discussed. In a final outlook upcoming R&D challenges are addressed.
As renewable energy production is intermittent, its application creates uncertainty in the level of supply. As a result, integrating an energy storage system (ESS) into renewable energy systems could ...be an effective strategy to provide energy systems with economic, technical, and environmental benefits. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has been realized in a variety of ways over the past decades. As a mechanical energy storage system, CAES has demonstrated its clear potential amongst all energy storage systems in terms of clean storage medium, high lifetime scalability, low self-discharge, long discharge times, relatively low capital costs, and high durability. However, its main drawbacks are its long response time, low depth of discharge, and low roundtrip efficiency (RTE). This paper provides a comprehensive review of CAES concepts and compressed air storage (CAS) options, indicating their individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the paper provides a comprehensive reference for planning and integrating different types of CAES into energy systems. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of CAES are discussed.
•A novel cogeneration system based on compressed air energy storage system.•The reliability analysis through applying the state space and Markov method.•The effect of the operational period on the ...payback time and final profit of the system.•An environmentally-friendly, high efficiency and economical cogeneration system.•The Grassman exergy flow diagram of the proposed cogeneration system.
In the succeeding of our recent article, exergoeconomic analysis with reliability and availability considerations is studied for a cogeneration system composed of compressed air energy storage, organic Rankine cycle, and absorption-compression refrigeration cycle. During off-peak times, surplus and cheap electricity of the grid or renewable energy sources is used to provide pressurized air and heating capacity in the energy storage subsystem, which are efficiently exploited to tackle two imperatives during peak demand periods: addressing power shortages and chilled water production at the same time. Reliability consideration is incorporated through Markov method in exergoeconomic to scrutinize the cost variations of the products for achieving a more realistic cost, providing superior alternatives for decision-making and economic design. The effects of the critical parameters such as electricity purchase price, diurnal operating period, and failure and repair rates on the cost of the products have been analyzed. The results indicate that the cost of electricity and chilled water are respectively 0.0783 $/kWh and 0.1789 $/kWh during peak period, which augmented by 8.36% and 8.32% with reliability consideration. The economic analysis reveals that the proposed system has a payback time of 2.9 years, whereas it is extended to around 3 years with reliability consideration, as a more reliable and authentic payback time.
•Test rig of compressed air energy storage based on pneumatic motor is established.•Effects of key parameters on output performance of pneumatic motor are investigated.•Effects of key parameters on ...output performance of generator are studied.•Efficiency of generator, and the uncertainties of power output and efficiency are analyzed.
Compressed air energy storage has garnered much attention due to its advantages of long lifespan, low cost and little environmental pollution, and pneumatic motor is equally so due to its advantages of low price, easy operation, and wide power range. In this paper, a small power generation energy storage test device based on pneumatic motor and compressed air is built. The effects of regulator valve pressure and electronic load current on temperature difference, pressure difference, expansion ratio, rotating speed, torque, power output of pneumatic motor, and efficiency of generator are studied by experiments. The experimental results show that the temperature difference, pressure difference and expansion ratio of pneumatic motor increase with the increase of regulator valve pressure and electronic load current. The power output of the pneumatic motor and the efficiency of generator increase at first and then decrease with the increase of the electronic load current, while the power of pneumatic motor and the efficiency of generator increase with the increase of regulator valve pressure. The maximum power output of the pneumatic motor is about 290.3 W, and the maximum efficiency of the generator is about 75.1%.
•A novel integration of compressed air energy storage, solar, and desalination units.•Comprehensive thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and economic analyses of the system.•Multi-objective optimization ...based on artificial neural network and genetic algorithm.•A precise case study based on real solar radiation and electricity prices in San Fransisco.•Achieving a payback period of 2.67 years with total profit of 112 M$ for the case study.
In this paper, a novel dual-purpose green energy storage system with the aim of power and potable water production is proposed and investigated from the thermodynamic and economic points of view. The proposed system is based on an innovative combination of compressed air energy storage with solar heliostat and multi-effect thermal vapor compression desalination units that provides power and clean water without any emissions. This system not only stores low price electricity as compressed air during off-peak times for peak shaving at high demand periods, but it also produces freshwater by recovering the waste heat that is a byproduct of the system at both charging and discharging periods. Exploiting solar energy for increasing the air turbine inlet temperature instead of using the conventional combustion chambers makes the system entirely environmentally friendly. Performing energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses, an artificial neural network algorithm is developed to predict round trip efficiency and total cost rate as the leading indicators for energy and economic performance of the proposed system. Then, the obtained relations are introduced to the genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization that considers both technical and economic aspects. The round trip efficiency and total cost rate are calculated to be 48.7% and 3056 $/h under the optimal design condition, respectively. Finally, utilizing the proposed system in the case study of San Francisco, United States of America, a total potable water production of 226,782 m3 and power generation of 27,551 MWh in a year with a payback period of 2.65 years were achieved.
Adiabatic compressed air energy storage is an emerging energy storage technology with excellent power and storage capacities. Currently, efficiencies are approximately 70%, in part due to the issue ...of heat loss during the compression stage. An exergy analysis is presented on a novel adiabatic compressed air energy storage system design utilizing a cascade of PCMs (phase change materials) for waste heat storage and recovery. The melting temperatures and enthalpies of the PCMs were optimized for this system and were shown to be dependent on the number of PCMs, the number of compression stages, and the maximum compression ratio. Efficiencies of storage and recovery using this approach are predicted to be as high as 85%, a 15% increase over current designs which do not incorporate PCMs.
•A compressed air energy storage plant using phase change materials is proposed.•Increasing number of phase change materials increases roundtrip exergy efficiency.•A thermodynamic model allows melting points and latent heats required to be predicted.
Multicarrier energy systems create new challenges as well as opportunities in future energy systems. One of these challenges is the interaction among multiple energy systems and energy hubs in ...different energy markets. By the advent of the local thermal energy market in many countries, energy hubs' scheduling becomes more prominent. In this article, a new approach to energy hubs' scheduling is offered, called virtual energy hub (VEH). The proposed concept of the energy hub, which is named as the VEH in this article, is referred to as an architecture based on the energy hub concept beside the proposed self-scheduling approach. The VEH is operated based on the different energy carriers and facilities as well as maximizes its revenue by participating in the various local energy markets. The proposed VEH optimizes its revenue from participating in the electrical and thermal energy markets and by examining both local markets. Participation of a player in the energy markets by using the integrated point of view can be reached to a higher benefit and optimal operation of the facilities in comparison with independent energy systems. In a competitive energy market, a VEH optimizes its self-scheduling problem in order to maximize its benefit considering uncertainties related to renewable resources. To handle the problem under uncertainty, a nonprobabilistic information gap method is implemented in this study. The proposed model enables the VEH to pursue two different strategies concerning uncertainties, namely risk-averse strategy and risk-seeker strategy. For effective participation of the renewable-based VEH plant in the local energy market, a compressed air energy storage unit is used as a solution for the volatility of the wind power generation. Finally, the proposed model is applied to a test case, and the numerical results validate the proposed approach.
The compressed air storage connects charging and discharging process and plays a significant role on performance of Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) system. In this paper, a ...thermodynamic model of A-CAES system was developed in Matlab Simulink software, and a dynamic compressed air storage model was applied in the simulation, revealing the influence of time-varying temperature and pressure of air on performance indicators, e.g., roundtrip efficiency and energy density. The analysis results can be used as an explanation of the contradicting conclusions on system efficiency from other articles, as well as a reference in the design and operation of an A-CAES plant.
There exists an optimal after-throttle-valve pressure when applying energy density as objective function with constant expander inlet pressure. A relatively higher heat transfer coefficient between atmosphere and air in storage tank results in more stored air in charging process and more released air in discharging process, which are of great benefit for A-CAES system in terms of energy density. The dynamic performance characteristic of compressed air storage can affect design capacity of first heat exchanger of expansion train and moreover, reduce roundtrip efficiency and energy density of A-CAES system.
•A-CAES performance with static and dynamic air reservoir models was investigated.•High heat transfer of air reservoir is beneficial to charging and discharging processes.•There exists an optimal after-throttle-valve pressure with energy density as objective function.
•A novel hybrid refrigeration system combined with CAES and wind turbines.•A full Environmentally-friendly system through applying the HTES in CAES subsystem.•Pressure ratio adjustment to reach to ...the full heat transfer in generator/condenser.•Energy and exergy analysis of the hybrid system and the subsystems.•Economic analysis of the hybrid CAES-refrigeration system.
In this work, a novel hybrid system based on absorption-recompression refrigeration system, compressed air energy storage (CAES) and wind turbines is proposed for using in retail buildings. In proposed system, wind turbines are employed to provide electricity during off-peak hours. Using conventional environmental pollutant combustion chambers and refrigerants in CAES and refrigeration subsystems have been eliminated in present system. So, it is an entirely environmentally-friendly system. By tailoring a booster vapor compressor between the generator and condenser of the conventional absorption cycle and achieving full heat transfer between them, the efficiency has been significantly improved. To override the further energy consumption of the vapor compressor, coupling with a CAES system is investigated. Energy, exergy, economic and parametric investigations are applied to the proposed system and its single parts to have a comprehensive evaluation. As a result, 2287 kW cooling capacity, 2.431 total coefficient of performance and 56.71% roundtrip efficiency (RTE) are reached. The results indicate that the payback period of the proposed system is less than 6 years and 187.65 $ is saved in each cycle of the hybrid system. Furthermore, the exergy analysis represents that the pressure regulating valve in CAES and condenser/generator in refrigeration subsystems have the maximum exergy destruction.
PDF