Melodies are full of repeated patterns of pitch, interval, and rhythm. It has been suggested that these repeated patterns aid the listener in creating an efficient encoding; this raises the ...possibility that compositional practice might have evolved to facilitate this process. I propose three specific hypotheses about compositional practice: 1) Repeated intervallic patterns tend to be metrically parallel, with each instance of the pattern falling at the same position in relation to the metrical structure; 2) Purely intervallic repetitions tend to be confined to short distances (longer-distance repetitions tend to involve repetition of scale-degrees as well); 3) Repeated intervallic patterns tend to involve multiple intervals rather than single ones. In each case, I explain how such a compositional strategy might facilitate efficient encoding. Corpus analyses of classical themes and European folk songs find support for all three hypotheses.
This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present
—a sequence-to-sequence ...denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective (Lewis et al.,
). mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, whereas previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine-tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task- specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show that it enables transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.
Communication of scientific findings is fundamental to scholarly discourse. In this article, we show that academic review articles, a quintessential form of interpretive scholarly output, perform ...curatorial work that substantially transforms the research communities they aim to summarize. Using a corpus of millions of journal articles, we analyze the consequences of review articles for the publications they cite, focusing on citation and co-citation as indicators of scholarly attention. Our analysis shows that, on the one hand, papers cited by formal review articles generally experience a dramatic loss in future citations. Typically, the review gets cited instead of the specific articles mentioned in the review. On the other hand, reviews curate, synthesize, and simplify the literature concerning a research topic. Most reviews identify distinct clusters of work and highlight exemplary bridges that integrate the topic as a whole. These bridging works, in addition to the review, become a shorthand characterization of the topic going forward and receive disproportionate attention. In this manner, formal reviews perform creative destruction so as to render increasingly expansive and redundant bodies of knowledge distinct and comprehensible.
Drawing on Hyland's model of interactional metadiscourse (2005; 2005a), this paper investigates the distribution of interactional metadiscourse in news commentaries of China Daily (CD) and The New ...York Times (NYT), two leading newspapers in China and the United States. The corpus retrieved includes 60 news commentaries on the topic of COVID-19 covering six months from January to June, 2022 when the resurgence of COVID-19 in China has aroused public debates and attracted world-wide media attention.
This study reveals that both stance and engagement, are frequently employed in CD and NYT. Nevertheless, the occurrences of interactional features in NYT are far more frequent than those in CD, which reflects a higher level of explicit interaction of the former. Results of chi-square test of the sub-categorical interactional metadiscourse mark significant differences in the distribution of hedges, self-mention and engagement markers between the two corpora. NYT employs greater number of all the three subcategories, indicating NYT writers’ attempts to both express a clear personal stance to their views and to closely align with readers, whereas CD shows a strong tendency of conveying their evaluations and commitment towards propositions by employing stance nearly three times as many as engagement.
•Interactional metadiscourse is frequently used in news commentaries.•The New York Times employs both stance and engagement more frequently.•China Daily inclines to explicitly manifest its stance towards propositions.•The New York Times conveys a clear stance as well as closely aligns with readers.•Significant differences are marked in the use of hedges, self-mention and engagement.
El tratamiento del delito en la prensa siempre contribuye en la opinión pública y en las conductas de la ciudadanía, pero específicamente en las revueltas sociales, el delito se vuelve omnipresente y ...su tratamiento mediático cobra aún más importancia. Por eso surge la necesidad de explorar cómo se presenta en los medios, sobre todo en un género de opinión de diarios de gran tirada. Las columnas -sometidas a restricciones mediáticas y situacionales- pretenden interpretar y explicar los acontecimientos, lo que se torna desafiante en contextos extraordinarios. De ahí la pregunta: ¿cómo se configura el discurso sobre el delito en el marco del estallido chileno del 2019 a través de la polifonía presente en columnas de opinión de diarios con gran impacto en la ciudadanía? Por medio de la polifonía pretendemos revelar posturas implícitas y captar una instancia del discurso público acerca del delito. La pregunta se responde tras el análisis cualitativo de un corpus de treinta y nueve columnas de opinión sobre el delito, publicadas en el primer mes del estallido social del 2019. En los resultados, presentamos los rasgos polifónicos que tienen un impacto en la presentación del delito, exponemos los tipos de delitos presentes en la polifonía de las columnas y contrastamos las actitudes hacia el delito de cada diario. Se observa una tendencia a presentar el delito en su forma física entre grupos marginales y fuerzas de seguridad, una pelea entre ‘buenos’ y ‘malos’, en la que destaca la imagen de ojos lesionados pero se minimiza la muerte. De este modo, se vehiculiza el miedo hacia los grupos marginales a los que se atribuye la violencia urbana.
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