One of the factors affecting the quality of intercultural communication is the correct transmission of the information and semantic component of the codes that implement the model of culture. Coming ...into contact with the codes of a foreign culture through the language, the communicant involuntarily makes mistakes when the codes are transformed into the system of codes of their own culture. As a result of this, there is a misunderstanding, and often a misunderstanding of cultural meanings, which leads to a certain conflict - hidden or explicit - in intercultural communication. We single out several such errors that occur during the transfer of information and its transformation - this is a code perception error, a decoding error, a mismatch error, a linking error resulting from a transient error, a replication error, and a transposition error with a violation of semantic integrity. All these errors occur in the individual cognitive system as a result of insufficient knowledge and understanding of a foreign culture and as a result of a discrepancy between the system of codes of one culture and the system of codes of another culture.
Cieľom článku je prehľad skúmania konceptualizovania dôchodku v sociálnych vedách a poukázanie na dôležitosť tohto skúmania, najmä u ľudí, ktorí do dôchodku prechádzajú. Koncepty dôchodku vyjadrujú ...možnosti identít, aktivít a životného štýlu dôchodcov. Predstavujú očakávania a normy dôchodcovského života. So zmenami inštitucionálneho usporiadania dôchodku sa menia socio-kultúrne diskurzy dô-chodku, a tým aj koncepty dôchodku u jednotlivcov. Vytvorenie novej identity a štýlu života na dôchodku je komplikovanejšie ako predtým. Predtým ostré oddelenie práce a dôchodku prinášalo len otázku konceptualizácie životného štýlu na dôchodku. Súčasné rozmazávanie hraníc práce a dôchodku prináša novú konceptualizáciu tranzície do dôchodku. Novovznikajúce koncepty odrážajú súčasnú viacznačnosť a dokonca aj spochybňovanie tradičného usporiadania dôchodku. Článok najskôr uvádza zmeny v kultúrnych kódoch, ktoré koncentrovane označujú túto etapu života. Kým reziduálnym kódom dôchodku bola „klinika", súčasným dominantným kódom „okružná plavba", novovznikajúcim kódom dôchodku je „výlet" ako otvorená cesta, nad ktorou má kontrolu cestujúci. Článok ďalej uvádza výskumy zobrazovania dôchodku v médiách v rôznych kultúrach. Tieto odrážajú, ako sa na dôchodcov pozerá spoločnosť, ovplyvňujú, ako k nim spoločnosť pristupuje, a zároveň spolu- -formujú identitu budúcich a súčasných dôchodcov. Ťažisko článku je v prehľade skúmaní individuálnych konceptualizácií dôchodku. Tieto sa postupne vyvíjali od prvých „klasických" konceptov dôchodku cez ich overovanie a kvantitatívne skúmania až ku kvalitatívnym štúdiám o zložitosti konceptov a utvárania zmyslu dôchodku u jednotlivcov. Záver článku konštatuje, že výskumov o konceptualizácii dôchodku nie je veľký počet, ale tie uskutočnené poukazujú na dôležitosť skúmania konceptov dôchodku. Súčasné výsledky novších výskumov zaznamenávajú rozširovanie významov dôchodku u jednotlivcov, z čoho vyplývajú návrhy na ďalšie smerovanie psychológie dôchodku.
For a long time it has been assumed that the rules of the genetic code were determined by chemistry – either by stereochemical affinities or by metabolic reactions – but the experimental evidence has ...revealed a totally different reality; it has been shown that any codon can be associated to any amino acid, and this means that there is no deterministic link between them. The genetic code, in other words, is based on arbitrary, or conventional, rules and this raises a formidable problem: how can arbitrary rules exist in Nature? We know that such rules exist in culture, but there is an abyssal difference between biology and culture, because the cultural codes are short-lived, whereas the biological codes are the most conserved entities in evolution. Biological codes, in other words are fundamentally different from cultural codes and we do need a model that makes us understand how they came into being.
In this paper it is shown that the origin of biological codes takes place in five phases (beginning, evolution, optimization, major transition and conservation) and this suggests a general model for their development. According to this model, a biological code evolves in a system as a means of solving a local problem, but then it becomes the tool of a much larger change in macroevolution. This is the great potential of the biological codes: their ability to bring into existence absolute novelties that change the whole course of the history of life. Different major transitions were based on different codes, but we can also recognize some common features in all of them. This indicates that coding is a universal mechanism that Nature has employed many times in the course of evolution to solve a wide variety of different problems.
The purpose of the research is to analyze the symbolism, cultural codes of miscellaneous modifications of one of the most widespread Ukrainian memes in 2022 — the Russian warship meme, its role in ...the creation and development of the latest media discourses; it also specifies the tendencies concerning the meme use in mass media publications. The subject of the study is “the Russian warship” meme and a group of its modifications spread in the media environment after January 24, 2022. It is stated that the media area of the meme’s functioning is extremely wide, it is not only spread verbally but also visually, represented by a range of media and mass media genres: from posts on social networks from the state public officers to individual media projects and media branding. A peculiarity of this meme is also the fact that it crosses the borders of a nationally-oriented media environment by the rules of news-related genres as topical and socially important information. Another peculiarity of the meme’s circulation is the fact that its verbal core is an obscene expression, the use of which is exceptionally limited according to the standards of numerous lingual cultures. Thanks to the methods of narrative analysis, generalization and interpretation the author of the article determines the meme’s role in the formation of new kinds of discourse of heroics and immortality, which are important in the conditions of hybrid war and information confrontation.
As a result of our research, we explain that the meme becomes a symbol of brave and desperate resistance to unjustified military aggression, a violation of the world order established after World War II. Studying an ironic philological media discourse of the Russian warship meme exhibits its transgressive nature on one hand, i. e. the function of prohibitions overcoming during critical extremal situations and on the other hand, demonstrates the significance of the meme for national self-identification processes. The article specifies the tendencies for change in meme’s media functionality, which lies in the gradual down-toning of the obscene categorical nature of a verbal structure through its substitution with ellipsed options, metaphoric euphemisms, allusive expressions, etc. The novelty lies in the study of the functionality of the meme in various media discourses, in particular professional journalistic, heroic mythological, ironic philological, etc. Further study of the meme at different stages of its media lifecycle can be perspective.
The article is presented in two parts. This issue deal with the linguacultural code of this meme.
Literature provides insights into various mechanisms for achieving legitimacy via adaptation. Yet we know little about how internationalizing firms can break away from existing legitimacy conventions ...and still achieve congruence. We investigate how internationalizing firms selectively reconstruct meanings of market categories as sources of legitimacy. We qualitatively examine internationalizing craft beer industry across four countries (Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, and New Zealand) and find that breweries engage in stretching, corroborating, and molding market category meanings. We extend current theorizing on legitimacy by demonstrating how actors orchestrate cultural codes of their market categories to conform to legitimacy prescriptions that matter.
The purpose of the research is to analyze the symbolism, cultural codes of miscellaneous modifications of one of the most widespread Ukrainian memes in 2022 — the Russian warship meme, its role in ...the creation and development of the latest media discourses; it also specifies the tendencies concerning the meme use in mass media publications. The subject of the study is “the Russian warship” meme and a group of its modifications spread in the media environment after January 24, 2022. It is stated that the media area of the meme’s functioning is extremely wide, it is not only spread verbally but also visually, represented by a range of media and mass media genres: from posts on social networks from the state public officers to individual media projects and media branding. A peculiarity of this meme is also the fact that it crosses the borders of a nationally-oriented media environment by the rules of news-related genres as topical and socially important information. Another peculiarity of the meme’s circulation is the fact that its verbal core is an obscene expression, the use of which is exceptionally limited according to the standards of numerous lingual cultures. Thanks to the methods of narrative analysis, generalization and interpretation the author of the article determines the meme’s role in the formation of new kinds of discourse of heroics and immortality, which are important in the conditions of hybrid war and information confrontation. As a result of our research, we explain that the meme becomes a symbol of brave and desperate resistance to unjustified military aggression, a violation of the world order established after World War II. Studying an ironic philological media discourse of the Russian warship meme exhibits its transgressive nature on one hand, i. e. the function of prohibitions overcoming during critical extremal situations and on the other hand, demonstrates the significance of the meme for national self-identification processes. The article specifies the tendencies for change in meme’s media functionality, which lies in the gradual down-toning of the obscene categorical nature of a verbal structure through its substitution with ellipsed options, metaphoric euphemisms, allusive expressions, etc. The novelty lies in the study of the functionality of the meme in various media discourses, in particular professional journalistic, heroic mythological, ironic philological, etc. Further study of the meme at different stages of its media lifecycle can be perspective. The article is presented in two parts. This issue deal with the nature and discourse of this meme.
In modern linguistic science the study of nominative units is not limited to their consideration within the lexicological direction. Nowadays the research of secondary language nominations is ...becoming increasingly relevant as mental operations through which cognition, structuring and evaluation of knowledge about the world is carried out. Since cosmonyms can be correlated with similar units, then accordingly they have not only a certain cultural, value-semantic content and have a special type of connotative meaning, which is commonly called mythological, but they are also fully correlated with the units of cultural codes. In the paper, based on the consideration and comparison of numerous cosmonyms, as well as myths, legends and tales related to cosmonyms’ origin, which are recorded in the cultural traditions of the indigenous peoples of Russia. On the one hand an attempt was made to identify their national and cultural specifics and on the other to correlate these cosmonyms with the basic cultural codes, as well as to trace their connection with the deep layers of cultural space, which are correlated with the oldest human ideas about the world.
Dou Mbawa, an indigenous community as a small part of Bimanese Muslims, has a double minority identity since they have been sociologically and religiously considered as others. Having this ...character, they create a specific way of communication amongst themselves and between them and others through an annual ritual called Raju and Kasaro prayer. This article, using the hermeneutical and semiotical approach of interpretation, aims to discover a cultural interest in the Kasaro prayer. The Dou Mbawa not only positions the prayers as a form of spirituality but also utilizes it as a means of overcoming the problem concerning plurality, tensions, conflicts, and subordinations. This article illustrates the twisting of the politics of identity through Kasaro prayer. Beyond its function as a religious language, the Kasaro prayer carries a socio-cultural significance, yet politically meaningful as an ideology of resistance for the minority against the majority. The politics of identity adopted by the Dou Mbawa in Bima is symbolic. However, it implies the real struggle of a vulnerable-pluralistic society, mainly the struggle to maintain tradition, the consolidation of internal forces, and the imagination of multicultural societies. With this finding, this article offers a perspective on the formation of identity and dynamics of multiculturalism in Indonesia from the lense of spirituality.
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