Gene function is typically evaluated by sampling the continuum of gene expression at only a few discrete points corresponding to gene knockout or overexpression. We argue that this characterization ...is incomplete and present a library of engineered promoters of varying strengths obtained through mutagenesis of a constitutive promoter. A multifaceted characterization of the library, especially at the single-cell level to ensure homogeneity, permitted quantitative assessment correlating the effect of gene expression levels to improved growth and product formation phenotypes in Escherichia coli. Integration of these promoters into the chromosome can allow for a quantitative accurate assessment of genetic control. To this end, we used the characterized library of promoters to assess the impact of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase levels on growth yield and deoxy-xylulose-P synthase levels on lycopene production. The multifaceted characterization of promoter strength enabled identification of optimal expression levels for ppc and dxs, which maximized the desired phenotype. Additionally, in a strain preengineered to produce lycopene, the response to deoxy-xylulose-P synthase levels was linear at all levels tested, indicative of a rate-limiting step, unlike the parental strain, which exhibited an optimum expression level, illustrating that optimal gene expression levels are variable and dependent on the genetic background of the strain. This promoter library concept is illustrated as being generalizable to eukaryotic organisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and thus constitutes an integral platform for functional genomics, synthetic biology, and metabolic engineering endeavors.
Business and management in Russia have undergone substantial change during the past two decades as the country has transitioned from the centrally planned Soviet system to a more market-oriented ...economy. Russia has not been given as much attention as BRIC nations such as India and China in either academic research or the popular business press, despite its being a global energy giant and major natural resource player as well as a member of the G8 economic powers. We analyze research on Russian business and management published over the past two decades, draw implications for Russia's future in the global economic community, and offer directions for future research. Our basic conclusion is that Russian managers have relied excessively on informal institutions, including personal networks, to conduct business due to the void created by the weak legitimacy of the country's formal institutions. A major implication is that by continuing to rely on informal institutions in the context of a formal institutional void, Russia may well fall short of becoming a fully participating member of the global economic community, and may remain for some time as an unbalanced, corruption-ridden, natural resource-based economy.
Cet article s'intéresse au vécu des publics et des non-publics de la bibliothèque Marc-Favreau à Montréal. L'analyse révèle des divergences dans les rapports tout autant que dans les perceptions à ...l'égard de la bibliothèque. Tant les publics que les non-publics laissent voir des positionnements originaux sur un continuum liant ses aspects documentaires, qui sont associés à une conception traditionnelle, à ses aspects communautaires, qui renvoient à une conception contemporaine. Ce faisant, le texte pointe la prévalence d'une perspective traditionnelle, tout en proposant une compréhension située de la dimension communautaire. Des tensions sont repérées entre ces aspects, interrogeant les aspirations institutionnelles de la bibliothèque « pour tous ».
In this paper we present different approaches for interdisciplinary collaborations between art and culture professionals resp. cultural institutions and the interdisciplinary XR experts of our ...research group. We discuss lessons learned and best practices devised from multiple years of experience in interdisciplinary collaborations. Different project settings need different solutions: With our contribution, we hope to show exemplary ways for successful interdisciplinary collaborations at the intersection of culture and computer science – and to show the potential of such projects for the development of new ways and tools of collaboration.
International business research is only beginning to develop theory and evidence highlighting the importance of supranational regional institutions to explain firm internationalization. In this ...context, we offer new theory and evidence regarding the effect of a region's "institutional complexity" on foreign direct investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs). We define a region's institutional complexity using two components, regional institutional diversity and number of countries. We explore the unique relationships of both components with MNEs' decisions to internationalize into countries within the region. Drawing on semiglobalization and regionalization research and institutional theory, we posit an inverted U-shaped relationship between a region's institutional diversity and MNE internationalization: extremely low or high regional institutional diversity has negative effects on internationalization, but moderate diversity has a positive effect on internationalization. Larger numbers of countries within the region reduces MNE internationalization in a linear fashion. We find support for these predicted relationships in multilevel analyses of 698 Japanese MNEs operating in 49 countries within 9 regions. Regional institutional complexity is both a challenge and an opportunity for MNEs seeking advantages through the aggregation and arbitrage of individual country factors.
The aim of the work1 is to outline the contribution to nature-based solutions (NBS) of managerial paths regarding processes of social inclusion of cultural institutions. The article addresses ...particular aspects of heritage accessibility with respect to the community of a territory, making it more sensitive to disadvantaged people with special needs. Considering social inclusion as an important social challenge of NBS, the article examines a case study, the Tattile Polo (Tactile Centre), in which accessibility to culture plays a preeminent role, transferring the historical and artistic value of cultural products to visually impaired and blind people. Empirical study assesses the degree of social inclusion of this institution where the NBS approach helps develop inclusive pathways and improve the perception of the reality of these disadvantaged participants. The research defines a possible accountability model through the definition of indicators to measure the inclusive aspects of managerial action as a relevant challenge of the NBS approach.
Exploring the construct of social-responsibility orientation across three Asian and two Western societies (Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and the United States), we show evidence that ...top-level executives in these societies hold fundamentally different beliefs about their responsibilities toward different stakeholders, with concomitant implications for their understanding and enactment of responsible leadership. We further find that these variations are more closely aligned with institutional factors than with cultural variables, suggesting a need to clarify the connection between culture and institutions on the one hand and culture and social-responsibility orientations on the other.
U radu se govori o potrebi stalnog stručnog usavršavanja u svim sferama ljudskog rada i delovanja. Akcenat je na edukaciji zaposlenih u ustanovama kulture pa samim tim i u bibliotekama. Na kraju rada ...opisan je projekat pod nazivom Transkribus, koji ima za cilj digitalizaciju štampanih i rukom pisanih materijala, što olakšava njihovo korišćenje i primenu u daljim istraživanjima.
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