Indoor air quality (IAQ) is rated as a serious public health issue. Knowing children are accounted as more vulnerable to environmental health hazards, data are needed on air quality in schools. ...Methods A project was conducted from 2007 until 2009 (SEARCH, School Environment and Respiratory Health of Children), aiming to verify links between IAQ and children’s respiratory health. Study was conducted in ten primary schools on 735 children, in 44 classrooms. Children were randomly selected. Research tools and indicators used for children’s exposure to school environment were indoor and outdoor pollutants, two standardized questionnaires for school and classroom characteristics. In both classroom air and ambient air in front of them we measured, during a 5-day exposure period for continuous 24h measuring: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and PM10 during classes. Results PM10 concentrations were significantly most frequent in an interval of ≥80.1μg/m3, that is, in the interval above 50μg/m3. Mean PM10 value was 82.24±42.43 μg/m3, ranging from 32.00μg/m3 to of 197.00μg/m3. Conclusion The increase of outdoor PM10 concentration significantly affects the increase of indoor PM10. A statistically significant difference exists for average IAQ PM10 concentrations vs. indicators of indoor thermal comfort zone (p<0.0001); they are lower in the classrooms with indicators within the comfort zone. Moreover, dominant factors for the increase of PM10 are: high occupancy rate in the classroom (<2m2 of space per child), high relative humidity (>75%), and indoor temperature beyond 23°C, as well as bad ventilation habits (keeping windows shut most of the time).
Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of urban air pollution and has a significant effect on human health. Natural PM sources are volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, ...living vegetation and sea spray. Traffic, domestic heating, power plants and various industrial processes generate significant amounts of anthropogenic PM. PM consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The chemical composition of particles is very complex and depends on emission sources, meteorological conditions and their aerodynamic diameter. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM of varying size fractions is associated with an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Adverse health effects have been documented from studies of both acute and chronic exposure. The most severe effects in terms of overall health burden include a significant reduction in life expectancy by a several months for the average population, which is linked to long-term exposure to moderate concentrations of PM. Nevertheless, numerous deaths and serious cardiovascular and respiratory problems have also been attributed to short-term exposure to peak levels of PM. Although many studies attribute greater toxicity to smaller size fractions, which are able to penetrate deeper into the lung, the molecular mechanisms and the size fractions of the PM that are responsible for the observed diseases are not completely understood.
Prašni delci so eden najpogostejših onesnaževal zraka in imajo velik vpliv na zdravje ljudi. Kemijska sestava prašnih delcev je zelo zapletena in je odvisna od vira emisij, meteoroloških okoliščin in od aerodinamskega premera delcev. Naravni izvori prašnih delcev so vulkanski izbruhi, puščavski pesek, naravni požari in morska sol. Promet, domača kurišča, termoelektrarne in industrijski obrati pa so glavni vir antropogenih prašnih delcev. Prašni delci so sestavljeni iz zapletene mešanice trdnih in tekočih delcev, sestavljenih iz organskih in anorganskih snovi. Številne epidemiološke študije so pokazale, da je izpostavljenost prašnim delcem različnih velikosti povezana s povečanim tveganjem za razvoj dihalnih in srčno-žilnih obolenj. Škodljiv učinek na zdravje je bil ugotovljen na osnovi raziskav, ki so proučevale akutno, in na osnovi raziskav, ki so proučevale kronično izpostavljenost prašnim delcem. Najbolj škodljiv učinek prašnih delcev je skrajšanje življenjske dobe povprečne populacije za nekaj mesecev, kar je povezano z dolgoročno izpostavljenostjo prašnim delcem zmernih koncentracij. Kljub temu pa so vzroki za številne smrti in resne dihalne ter srčno-žilne bolezni povezane s kratkoročno izpostavljenostjo visokim koncentracijam prašnih delcev. Številne raziskave pripisujejo večje negativne učinke na zdravje ljudi manjšim prašnim delcem, ker lahko globlje prodrejo v pljuča. Kljub številnim raziskavam še ni popolnoma pojasnjeno, kateri prašni delci so ključni za povzročene neželene učinke in prek katerih molekularnih mehanizmov sprožajo neželene učinke.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Notizia relativa a "Attività dei banditi e dei ribelli" a Rapolano (Siena) riguardante "Delci - Conte", contenuta nella pagina 24 ...del Notiziario della Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana del giorno 02-06-1944- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Catalogato in SIRBeC- Rubrica di Paolo Monti: Archivio 10x12 (ultimi numerati) - dal G1 al (s.d.), presso Archivio Paolo Monti- ...Servizio fotografico : Milano, 1965 / Paolo Monti. - Buste: 6, Fototipi: 6 : Negativo b/n, gelatina bromuro d'argento/ pellicola ; 10x12. - ((Serie costituita da 6 buste di negativi identificati con una doppia numerazione (da 43266 a 43277): 24385, 24386, 24387, 24388, 24389, 24395. Le buste nn. 24385-24389 sono tenute insieme da una graffetta. - Sul negativo identificato con il n. 24395 intervento di mascheratura a mattoleina?. - Nella rubrica citata nel campo Fonti in corrispondenza degli estremi numerici della serie iscrizione didascalica manoscritta: "Appartamenti trevisani". La doppia numerazione potrebbe corrispondere ai lavori realizzati durante il periodo di attività del laboratorio e studio fotografico "Foto Studio 22", società che risulta essere stata aperta il 10/04/1961, con partecipazione, nel ruolo di gerente, di Vincenzo Carrese. - Fonte: Rubrica di Paolo Monti: Archivio 10x12 (ultimi numerati) - dal G1 al (s.d.), presso Archivio Paolo Monti- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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