This paper analyzes possible definitions of virtual currencies in legislation and economics. Views of the European Central Bank, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and Financial Action Task Force ...regarding virtual currencies are studied. The analysis also covers the draft legislation to ban money surrogates in the Russian Federation. The author suggests two reasonable approaches to defining virtual currencies in law and economics. The Austrian School representatives’ arguments on the existence of private money are reviewed. The author proposes the introduction of some changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to give legal status to virtual currencies.
V prispevku analiziramo možne definicije virtualnih valut v zakonodaji in ekonomiji. Proučujemo vidike Evropske centralne banke, urada Financial Crimes Enforcement Network in organizacije Financial Action Task Force o virtualnih valutah. Analizirali smo tudi osnutek zakonodaje o prepovedi denarnih surogatov v Ruski federaciji. Avtorica prispevka predlaga dva sprejemljiva pristopa za definiranje virtualnih valut v pravu in ekonomiji. Podajamo tudi pregled argumentov predstavnikov avstrijske šole o obstoju zasebnega denarja. Avtorica prispevka predlaga uvedbo nekaterih sprememb v zakonodaji Ruske federacije, da bi virtualnim valutam podelili legalni status.
The fineness of Roman imperial and provincial coinage has been regarded as an indicator of the broader fiscal health of the Roman Empire, with the apparent gradual decline of the silver content being ...treated as evidence for worsening deficits and the contraction of the supply of natural resources from which the coins were made. This book explores the composition of Roman silver coinage of the first century AD, re-examining traditional interpretations in the light of an entirely new programme of analyses of the coins, which illustrates the inadequacy of many earlier analytical projects. It provides new evidence for the supply of materials and refining and minting technology. It can even pinpoint likely episodes of recycling old coins and, when combined with the study of hoards, hints at possible strategies of stockpiling of metal. The creation of reserves bears directly on the question of the adequacy of revenues and fiscal health.
Rad tematizira problematiku poznate ostave iz Donjih Lepura koja se pripisuje kralju Kolomanu kroz dosadašnju referentnu literaturu. Zbog toga što ta ostava danas gotovo nije sačuvana, metodološki se ...polazi od razmatranja prvih izvora koji je objelodanjuju. Kroz tekst autor nastoji objasniti koji su to aspekti i problemi koji ovaj skupni nalaz novca čine posebno važnim kroz pristup numizmatičkom materijalu koji se nalazi ili se mogao nalaziti u njemu te kroz proces kemijske analize srebrnog novca (billon) koji je on sadržavao. Raspravlja se i o upitnoj količini novca koji je pronađen i pripisan toj ostavi. U radu se nastoji dati drugačiji pogled na tezauriranje ovog nalaza, kao i ponuditi terminus post quem koji bi bio prikladniji nastanku i dataciji ostave ovakvog tipa. Autor navodi činjenicu da ugarski novac zaista jest došao u Dalmaciju s ugarskom vojskom, ali ne kao dio interakcije kralja Kolomana i hrvatskog plemstva. Temeljem danas dostupnih znanstvenih izvora, nalaz ovog novca treba promatrati u svijetlu boljeg poznavanja inače oskudnih nalaza srebrenih denara kralja Kolomana na prostoru sjeverne Dalmacije.
The monetary system and monetary – credit policy in the Republic of Macedonia were built after the country gained independence from the previous federal community, when Macedonia faced problems such ...as: termination of many plants, increase in unemployment, increase in budget and foreign trade deficit as well as high inflation rate. The macroeconomic stability narrowly understood as reducing the inflation rate, was the first measure of the economic policy, undertaken along with the monetary independence of Macedonia. In a small and open economy, the exchange rate policy has particular importance in the control of the inflation rate and beyond: in the real economic trends. The strategy of targeting the denar exchange rate was accepted and applied with the expectation that it would act in that direction, hence the monetary policy was focused on maintaining fixed exchange rate against the euro. The determination of the country to join the European Union and to become a member of other international financial organizations is yet another reason for choosing this strategy.
To find out the anthropometric relationship of Inter-condylar distance to Inter-canine and Inter-molar distance of maxillary arch and occlusal vertical dimension in dentate individuals of South ...Indian population.
A total number of 120 dentate individuals were randomly equally divided into Group A and Group B. According to the face form, each Group was again subdivided into four subgroups. Subgroup A1 and B1 contained Square face form, Subgroup A2 and B2 Tapered, Subgroup A3 and B3 Square tapered and Subgroup A4 and B4 Ovoid face form. The ratio of ICD to U3, U6 and OVD of Group A individuals were applied to the Group B individuals with similar face forms and the clinical significance of the ratios were evaluated.
No significant difference (p-value=0.841) was observed in the ratio of U6 to ICD (U6/ICD) in all the face forms. A significant difference (p-value = 0.010) in the mean value was observed when the ratio of OVD to ICD (OVD/ICD) was compared between the squared tapered face form of Group A (0.60 ± 0.01) and Group B (0.06±0.03). A significant difference (p value = 0.007) was observed between the measured (62.47 ±2.77) and calculated (64.99±2.61) values of OVD in square taper face form.
In south Indian population, ICD can be used as a reliable guide line to determine the bucco-palatal position of maxillary first molar irrespective of the face forms.
Denar Hadrianus, Römischer Kaiser (117-138); Münzherr Image
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Zlatnik s 3,44 g zlata.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 ...Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une expérimentation archéologique conduite dans le cadre d’un Master d’Archéologie médiévale, consacré aux monnayages mérovingiens armoricains. Son objectif était ...de mieux appréhender les aspects techniques de l’organisation monétaire, de l’acquisition des métaux à la frappe, et de mettre en place une typochronologie de ces émissions de la fin du VIe au VIIIe siècle après J.-C.
In this paper we describe the results of a programme of archaeological experimentation carried out as part of a Master in Mediaeval Archaeology devoted to the Armorican coinage of the Merovingian Period. The purpose was to comprehend the technical aspects of the whole process from the collection of the metals to the minting of the coins, and to set up a typochronology of these issues from the end of the 6th century to the 8th century A. D.
Wir stellen hier die Ergebnisse einer archäologischen Versuchsreihe vor, die im Rahmen eines Masterstudienganges für mittelalterliche Archäologie durchgeführt wurde und der armorikanischen merowingischen Münzprägung gewidmet war. Ziel dieses Experiments war es die technologischen Aspekte der Organisation der Münzprägung von der Materialbeschaffung bis zur Prägung besser zu erfassen, und eine Typochronologie dieser Ausgaben vom Ende des 6. bis zum 8. Jahrhundert n. Chr. zu erstellen.
Provider: - Institution: Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Fałszywy denar, Węgry, Rudolf II Habsburg (1576-1608), odkryty podczas badań fosy przy Bramie Krakowskiej- ...All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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