A novel strategy of dual system activation is developed to synthesize the nitrogen-doped biomass-derived carbon with hierarchically porous structure for high-performance lithium-ion storage ...properties.
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Active biomass-derived carbons are brought into focus on boosting high-performance lithium storage. However, their low electric conductivity and poor ion diffusion kinetics during the lithium storage reactions remain confusing topics. This study demonstrates a novel and effective strategy of dual system activation process to construct the nitrogen-doped biomass-derived carbon with hierarchically porous architecture (HNBC), which is composed of the three-dimensional porous networks connected by carbon nanorods and the flake-like edges constructed by carbon nanosheets. A large amount of nitrogen doping can improve the conductivity and facilitate the charge transfer during charging/discharging, while the hierarchically porous structure can decrease the diffusion path for lithium-ion transport, enabling fast diffusion and charge-transfer dynamics. The HNBC electrode displays a high lithium-ion storage capacity of above 1392 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and superior stability. Moreover, the assembled asymmetric lithium-ion capacitor exhibits excellent cycling stability and delivers a high power density of 225 W kg−1 with an energy density of 186.31 W h kg−1. This dual system activation strategy may inspire the reasonable design of new-generation progressive carbon-based electrodes for high-performance lithium storage devices.
Unplanned (i.e. spontaneous) online behaviors such as impulsive use of social networking sites (SNS) and swearing on SNS are prevalent and can adversely affect users and society. Drawing on dual ...system theory, this article conceptualizes and empirically investigates the etiology of such behaviors. Results of two studies (n1 = 295 SNS users, focuses on impulsive use; n2 = 336 SNS users, focuses on swearing) show that both of these online behaviors are driven, in part, by cognitive-emotional preoccupation with the SNS and inhibited, in part, by cognitive-behavioral control over using the SNS. The inhibition effect is both direct and indirect, through the suppression of the cognitive-emotional preoccupation effects. The findings provide a theoretical lens of analysis through which impulsive and unitneded media use behaviors can be explained.
•Both samples had first contact with both systems at the same ages.•Females who had experienced CSE had more justice system contact.•Between 69% and 76% of both samples experienced dual system ...contact.
Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) is related to both child welfare (CW) and juvenile justice (JJ) system involvement, yet research of CSE largely examines single system involvement. Using a sample of justice involved females with histories in out-of-home care, this study explores dual system contact for females with CSE experiences (n = 225) compared to a matched sample of females without a history of CSE (n = 237). Differences between the samples’ system experiences were compared using chi-square analyses or t-tests of group mean differences. Nearly all females had a history of at least one maltreatment allegation and between 69% and 76% of the samples were classified as dual system females as measured by the justice-involved youth also having a substantiated case of maltreatment. The CSE sample, compared to the no-CSE sample, had significantly more contact with the juvenile justice system including more arrests, petitions filed, bench warrants, and entrances to detention. Findings highlight the extent of dual system involvement among justice involved females with histories of CSE and out-of-home care, and the need for cross-systems collaboration to improve youth outcomes.
Con un amplio reconocimiento a nivel internacional y caracterizado por la excelente cualificación que proporciona a sus aprendices al combinar la formación entre la empresa y la escuela, el número de ...planes para la implantación del Sistema Dual de Formación Profesional Alemán en otros países aumenta cada año. En este artículo se presenta un estudio sobre la estructura actual de este sistema y sobre los factores que son necesarios para exportarlo con éxito. Partiendo de investigaciones previas, se analizan informes procedentes de instituciones públicas alemanas, documentos oficiales, textos legislativos, fuentes especializadas relevantes e información obtenida mediante otras técnicas de investigación cualitativa. De ahí que se aborden, entre otros elementos esenciales, el consenso entre los interlocutores sociales, los planes de formación, la acreditación de los formadores, la creación de centros de formación supraempresarial o el establecimiento de observatorios. Al adoptar este sistema dual, se consigue adecuar las cualificaciones profesionales a las exigencias de producción de las empresas, dotar al mercado laboral de los especialistas necesarios, así como integrar social y laboralmente a los/las jóvenes aprendices.
Drawing on dual‐system theories, this study shows that excessive social media users demonstrate a psychological imbalance between the impulsive and reflective systems in their minds. We provide ...empirical evidence of an inconsistency between conscious attitudes and the actual behavior toward social media. The findings show that excessive users are driven more by their implicit attitudes rather than explicit beliefs in consuming social media. Although a high level of self‐control indicates healthy social media use, the findings suggest that self‐control has no significant influence on excessive users with a positive implicit attitude and high‐impulsive social media use. This duality of self‐control dispels beliefs about its ability to regulate excessive online behaviors. Therefore, this study (1) theorizes what constitutes excessive social media use, (2) outlines how implicit measurements are incorporated in consumer research, and (3) offers practical implications for managing unhealthy online behaviors.
General models of tourist decision making have been developed to theorize tourist decision processes. These models have been based on the premise that tourists are rational decision makers and ...utility maximizers. Further, these models have been operationalized through input–output models to measure preferences and behavioral intentions. The extent that they remain viable to explain and predict tourist behavior as tourism markets mature however is uncertain. This review article critiques these approaches and proposes a new general model based on dual system theory to account for different types of choice strategies, the constructive nature of preferences, and to recognize the individual and contextual factors that influence choice processes. The article argues that a general tourist choice model should integrate the psychological processes that determine choice strategies, or heuristics, and consider choice context. These include individual differences, task-related factors, and principles determining system engagement. Future research and practical implications are outlined.
The relationship between intertemporal and risky decision-making has received considerable attention in decision research. Single-process theories suggest that choices involving delay and risk are ...simply two manifestations of the same psychological mechanism, which implies similar patterns of neural activation. Conversely, the dual-system theory suggests that delayed and risky choices are two contrasting types of processes, which implies distinct brain networks. How these two types of choices relate to each other remains unclear. The current study addressed this issue by performing a meta-analysis of 28 intertemporal decision-making studies (862 subjects) and 51 risky decision-making studies (1539 subjects). We found no common area activated in the conjunction analysis of the delayed and risky rewards. Based on the contrast analysis, delayed rewards were associated with stronger activation in the left dorsal insula, while risky rewards were associated with activation in the bilateral ventral striatum and the right anterior insula. The results align with the dual-system theory with separate neural networks for delayed and risky rewards.
•Neural signatures of delayed and risky rewards are compared.•Delayed and risky rewards engaged distinct neural circuits.•Delay elicited more activation in left dorsal insula than risk.•Risk elicited more activation in VS and right anterior insula than delay.•The meta-analysis findings favor the dual-system theory.
This article analyses the effects of myopic and present-biased preferences on the welfare of a naive agent when he/she is engaged in an intertemporal harvesting activity from a stock of renewable ...resources. The analysis is conducted by also taking into account the nature of present-biased behaviours as phenomena that is derived from a dual system of discounting and of response to short and long-term stimuli.
In the task of harvesting from a stock of renewable resources, the present biased preferences of a naive agent create a conflict between the long-run benefit of the agent and the short-run desire.
Thus, this article demonstrates and argues that in the decision-making, which involves intertemporal choices in renewable resources management, the prevalence of naive behaviour, strongly influenced by the emotional-affective system, can lead to a reduction in the overall utility enjoyed by the individual due to the present bias.
JEL: D15, D90, Q20
Addiction-like symptoms in relation to social networking site (SNS) use are prevalent and can adversely affect users. This paper seeks to theorize on and examine the etiology of such symptoms. ...Relying on the dual system theory (DST) with a specific focus on social aspects, this manuscript develops a research model positing that the momentary experience of SNS addiction symptoms is driven by tug-of-war between social self-regulation (a reflective process) and habit (a reflexive process), the effect of which is mediated via SNS use. It then tests the hypotheses through analyzing survey data from 161 SNS users, using structural equation modeling techniques. Results support the dual system perspective we take. They show that (1) habit (a reflexive system manifestation) drives SNS use and the experience of addiction symptoms, (2) social self-regulation (a reflective system manifestation) inhibits use and the experience of addiction symptoms and, (3) dual system effects on momentary SNS addiction symptoms are mediated through SNS use. This study introduces and validates a model that explains the experience of momentary SNS addiction symptoms. In particular, the proposed model extends prior dual system models by examining an overlooked, yet important, reflective process (social self-regulation) in the context of SNS use; and by focusing on an important, prevalent, yet relatively disregarded outcome (momentary symptoms rather than full-fledged addiction). The findings point to interesting theoretical and practical implications.
•Habit (a reflexive system manifestation) drives SNS use and the experience of addiction symptoms.•Social self-regulation (a reflective system manifestation) inhibits use and the experience of addiction symptoms.•Dual system effects on momentary SNS addiction symptoms are mediated through SNS use.
•This study highlights the role of desire for online group gaming on players' social game addiction.•Attitute, perceived enjoyment, group norm, social identity positively influence desire for online ...group gaming.•Desire for online group gaming positively influences habit and self-regulation deficiency and ultimately fosters online social game addiction.•Habit positively moderate the role of self-regulation deficiency on online social game addiction.
Drawing on dual-system theory, this study examines the role of desire for online group gaming in online social game addiction. By conducting a longitudinal online survey, we show that attitude, anticipated enjoyment, group norm, and social identity contribute to the development of desire for online group gaming. Such desire facilitates habit and self-regulation deficiency, which, in turn, fosters online social game addiction. This study contributes to the literature by theorizing a nomological network of desire for online group gaming on online social game addiction and by offering implications for managing addictive gaming.
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