This article introduces a new theory, the Affective–Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise. ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain ...in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise). It is a dual-process model and assumes that exercise-related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). The automatic affective valuation forms the basis for the reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-control resources are available. The automatic affective valuation is connected with an action impulse, whereas the reflective evaluation can result in action plans. The two processes, in constant interaction, direct the individual towards or away from changing behavior. The ART of physical inactivity and exercise predicts that, when there is an affective–reflective discrepancy and self-control resources are low, behavior is more likely to be governed by the affective type-1 process. This introductory article explains the underlying concepts and main theoretical roots from which the ART of physical inactivity and exercise was developed (field theory, affective responses to exercise, automatic evaluation, evaluation-behavior link, dual-process theorizing). We also summarize the empirical tests that have been conducted to refine the theory in its present form.
Recent research suggests that refraining from cheating in tempting situations requires self-control, which indicates that serving self-interest is an automatic tendency. However, evidence also ...suggests that people cheat to the extent that they can justify their unethical behavior to themselves. To merge these different lines of research, we adopted a dual-system approach that distinguished between the intuitive and deliberative cognitive systems. We suggest that for people to restrict their dishonest behavior, they need to have enough time and no justifications for self-serving unethical behavior. We employed an anonymous die-under-cup task in which participants privately rolled a die and reported the outcome to determine their pay. We manipulated the time available for participants to report their outcome (short vs. ample). The results of two experiments support our prediction, revealing that the dark side of people's automatic self-serving tendency may be overcome when time to decide is ample and private justifications for dishonesty are not available.
The growing persistence of harmful ion or drug molecular residues has always been considered as a matter of concern due to its importance in biological and environmental processes, which requires ...taking measures to maintain environmental health sustainably and effectively. Inspired by the multi-system and visual quantitative detection of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs), we develop a novel cascade nano-system based on dual emission carbon dots for on-site visual quantitative detection of curcumin and fluoride ion (F−). Herein, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) and m-dihydroxybenzene (m-DHB) are elected as reaction precursors to synthesize dual-emission N-CDs by a one-step hydrothermal method. The obtained N-CDs exhibit dual emission peaks at 426 nm (blue) and 528 nm (green) with quantum yields of 53 % and 71 %, respectively. Then, trace curcumin and F− intelligent off-on-off sensing probe is formed by taking advantage of the activated cascade effect. As for the occurrence of inner filter effect (IFE) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), the green fluorescence of N-CDs quenches remarkably, called as OFF initial state. Then the curcumin-F− complex leads to the hypochromatic shift of the absorption band from 532 to 430 nm, which activates the green fluorescence of N-CDs, named as ON state. Meanwhile, the blue fluorescence of N-CDs is quenched due to the FRET, called as OFF terminal state. This system shows good linear relationships from 0 to 35 μM and 0 to 40 μM with low detection limits of 29 nM and 42 nM for curcumin and F− ratiometric detection, respectively. Moreover, a smartphone-assisted analyzer is developed for on-site quantitative detection. Furthermore, we design a logic gate for logistics information storage, which proves the possibility of a logic gate based on N-CDs in practical application. Thus, our work will provide an effective strategy for environmental quantitative monitoring and information storage encryption.
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•We prepare a novel N-doped carbon dots that emit strong blue and green fluorescence.•A cascade off-on-off fluorescent sensor is constructed for curcumin and F− detection.•The sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity and the LODs are 29 nM and 42 nM.•The smartphone sensing platform can realize visual and quantitative on-site monitoring of curcumin and F−.•A logic gate for digital encryption and logistics transportation is proposed.
According to the dual-system theories, the decisions in an ultimatum game (UG) are governed by the automatic System 1 and the controlled System 2. The former drives the preference for fairness, ...whereas the latter drives the self-interest motive. However, the association between the contributions of the two systems in UG and the cognitive process needs more direct evidence. In the present study, we used the process dissociation procedure to estimate the contributions of the two systems and recorded participants eye movements to examine the cognitive processes underlying UG decisions. Results showed that the estimated contributions of the two systems are uncorrelated and that they demonstrate a dissociated pattern of associations with third variables, such as reaction time (RT) and mean fixation duration (MFD). Furthermore, the relative time advantage (RTA) and the transitions between the two payoffs can predict the final UG decisions. Our findings provide evidence for the independent contributions of preference for fairness (System 1) and self-interest maximizing (System 2) inclinations to UG and shed light on the underlying processes.
Self-control is typically attributed to "cold" cognitive control mechanisms that top-down influence "hot" affective impulses or emotions. In this study we tested an alternative view, assuming that ...self-control also rests on the ability to anticipate emotions directed toward future consequences. Using a behavioral within-subject design including an emotion regulation task measuring the ability to voluntarily engage anticipated emotions towards an upcoming event and a self-control task in which subjects were confronted with a variety of everyday conflict situations, we examined the relationship between self-control and anticipated emotions. We found that those individuals (
= 33 healthy individuals from the general population) who were better able to engage anticipated emotions to an upcoming event showed stronger levels of self-control in situations where it was necessary to resist short-term temptations or to endure short-term aversions to achieve long-term goals. This finding suggests that anticipated emotions may play a functional role in self-control-relevant deliberations with respect to possible future consequences and are not only inhibited top-down as implied by "dual system" views on self-control.
•Among youth involved in the juvenile justice system, youth with dual-system involvement according to self-report measure demonstrate significantly more exposure to traumatic events, more severe ...posttraumatic stress symptoms, and more self-reported offending.•In the present sample, there were few differences among youth on trauma-focused variables when dual-system involvement was operationalized with child welfare records.•The current results suggest that categorizing youth as crossover youth based on their own self-reported history of child maltreatment exposure resulted in more observed differences between dual-system youth and youth solely involved in juvenile justice.
Recently, scholars have placed increasing effort on better understanding the unique needs of youth involved in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. This study drew from the Developmental Cascade of Multisystem Involvement Framework to examine group differences in trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and offending among youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system and youth with varying degrees of dual-system involvement, including crossover youth (i.e., youth with a history of maltreatment and offending regardless of system involvement), dual-contact youth (i.e., youth who had a history of a substantiated CW maltreatment petition prior to their involvement in the current study), and dually-involved youth (i.e., youth under the care and custody of the state's child welfare system at the time of study participation). Four-hundred adolescents (25% girls, Mage = 15.97) who were recruited from a detention center and completed self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and offending. Juvenile justice and child welfare records also were collected. Results indicated that, compared to youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system, crossover youth reported significantly more exposure to traumatic events, more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms, and more self-reported offending. In contrast, results indicated few differences between dual-contact youth and youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system; these groups only differed in age and in recidivism charges. There also were few differences between dually-involved youth and youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system; these groups only differed in age and exposure to non-Criterion A traumatic events. The current results suggest that categorizing youth as crossover youth based on their own self-reported history of child maltreatment exposure resulted in more observed differences between dual-system youth and youth solely involved in juvenile justice. The present results have valuable implications for how we operationalize youth’s system involvement and highlight the importance of examining child maltreatment as a point of prevention and intervention efforts for these youth.
Partial differential equations involving divergence or curl operators often introduce nonempty null-space components in their solutions, causing conventional numerical methods to produce inaccurate ...results. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that addresses this challenge by explicitly accounting for the null-space component. The dual system least squares method is used to identify this component and remove it from the approximation using negative-norm minimization. Our approach retains the use of H1-conforming basis functions, ensuring that the resulting approximation is orthogonal to the null space of the operator. The effectiveness of our algorithm is demonstrated through numerical experiments with various partial differential equations, showing improved accuracy compared to conventional methods.
Managers and academics often think of price promotions merely as incentives that entice consumers to accept offers that they might not have considered otherwise. Yet the prospect of paying a lower ...price for a product of given quality can also discourage deliberation, in a sense “dumbing down” the purchase encounter by making it less consequential. The authors examine this possibility in a dual-system theory of consumer behavior. Specifically, they argue that price promotion lowers a consumer’s motivation to exert mental effort, in which case purchase decisions are guided less by extensive information processing and more by a quicker, easier, strong conditioner of preference: affect. Field data from a large daily deal company and four controlled experiments support this idea and document its implications primarily for product choice, in turn providing insight into the form and cause of brand switching that manufacturers and retailers can leverage to improve the allocation of promotional budgets and category management.
•Child protection involved-youth are over-represented in youth justice systems.•Differences between dual system and justice-only children are apparent.•Dual system youth are younger, more often ...female, with more justice system contact.•Dually-involved youth less often have a relative caregiver, and experience greater polyvictimisation.•Dually-involved youth have more complex support needs than justice-only children.
The over-representation of children from child protection backgrounds in youth justice systems presents a long-standing concern. This study adds to a growing body of research that identifies how such dual system youth differ from other criminal court-involved youth. It also investigates heterogeneity among dual system youth based on the concurrent (dually-involved) or non-concurrent (dual contact) nature of their systems involvement. Socio-demographic characteristics, offending profiles and support needs of 300 dual system youth with statutory child protection involvement and who appeared in three Australian youth criminal courts were compared with those of a matched sample of 268 justice-only youth. Results indicated dual system youth were on average younger, more likely to be female, had more prior adjudications, current charges, and more violent offending. Importantly, the findings demonstrate that dually-involved children experience greater polyvictimisation, out-of-home care placement, and more serious offending, relative to both justice-only and dual contact youth. Among those sentenced to youth justice supervision, dually-involved children were less likely to have a relative caregiver and had more complex support needs related to neurodisability, mental illness, and substance misuse. Findings support the utility and importance of proposed frameworks for defining the heterogeneous pathways of dual system youth, and the need for targeted and collaborative strategies across court and youth justice systems to address such children’s unique needs.
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