In the last 250 years, capitalism has been the cause of great wealth and affluence. This was brought about by the interaction between a dynamic mobilisation of resources and the efficient allocation ...of production factors, produced goods and services through control of the market, technical progress, the spread of trade and use of comparative cost advantages. In this respect, classical and neoclassical economics since Adam Smith has been proven correct. However, this school's postulation that the market's invisible hand will also provide for a balanced development of wealth between rich and poor regions and nations has not been proven correct. On the contrary, the gap between rich and poor has grown. The contradiction between theory and reality is not at all coincidental. Classical and neoclassical economics subordinate absolute equal opportunities between all (world) market actors and exclude extra-economic factors such as, for example, the
disparity of power as a lever of wealth increment. Furthermore, it neglects the circumstance of capital accumulation and growth in consumption through the cost-free use of nature, which has many consequences for the destruction of the ecological balance. These methodical foreclosure proceedings do not only have fatal consequences for the theory; politics is also especially affected. To be sure, neoclassicism offers no solutions to the greatest challenges of the present, namely, social inequality on a global scale and the ecological crisis. The individual measures which have been enacted, such as the
IMF's structural adjustment programme, often cause the opposite social and ecological effects. An important prerequisite for the development of strategies in a global reform perspective is, therefore, the dealing with some fundamental deficits in the dominant economic theory. This paper will (a) develop the idea that the disparity of political and economic power has historically promoted the externalisation of social and ecological costs and, as a result, caused the rise of non-sustainable structures in the world economy as well as social and ecological crises, and (b) prove that cost internalisation by means of new basic conditions in the world economy is an indispensable must for sustainable development in the world economy.
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The study analyzes the current state of Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ATVET) in Africa and presents its challenges and opportunities. A review of the ATVET in selected ...Sub- Saharan Africa countries shows that there are far too few training opportunities for young people and that often, the training offered does not match the needs of the private sector and of local administrations. ATVET trainings focus primarily on production skills and on producers themselves with too little practical training. ATVET needs to be adapted to the context of increasingly commercial and technical 21st century agricultural systems. We use the German dual ATVET system as a case study for best practices. The study concludes that an effective reform of ATVET in Africa would require policies and initiatives that tackle the general challenges as well as taking advantage of country-specific opportunities.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Context: Although the German dual system of vocational education and training makes a major contribution to securing the supply of ...skilled workers for trade and industry, its function has been under scrutiny for several years. Companies are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit trainees, and increasing numbers of training places are vacant. However, such recruitment problems tend to be concentrated in certain occupations rather than occurring across all sectors equally. This has led to a significant increase in competition among companies seeking to secure the services of trainees in various occupations and calls into question the extent to which such fierce rivalry is reflected in the type of training marketing they conduct.
Approach: This paper investigates the training place characteristics companies communicate in their advertisements. Among these characteristics, differences exist in the general conditions of training, requirements for trainees and incentives the companies provide. Latent class analyses were used to investigate the patterns revealed in the training place characteristics and to examine if the frequency with which patterns occur correlates with whether a company is seeking trainees for an occupation with or without recruitment problems and with company size. The analyses were based on data collected from 1,939 small and medium-sized enterprises via standardised telephone interviews conducted at the beginning of 2016. The companies in question had offered training places in one of nine selected dual occupations. Four of the training occupations considered have recruitment problems. There are no recruitment difficulties in the other five.
Findings: The single group latent class analysis initially conducted resulted in a model with three latent classes exhibiting clearly differentiated patterns of training place characteristics. As well as focusing on general conditions and the requirements for training, the “aggressive” pattern mainly emphasises the incentives the training place or company offered. The “requirements-oriented” pattern concentrates on the future requirements for trainees. The “basic” pattern communicates only a very few fundamental training place characteristics. A subsequent multi-group latent class analysis revealed evidence that small and medium-sized enterprises offering training are more likely to display an aggressive pattern in occupations with recruitment problems than SMEs providing training in occupations where there are no recruitment difficulties. By the same token, small and medium-sized enterprises with training provisions in occupations with recruitment problems are less likely to exhibit training marketing aligned to the requirements of applicants than firms offering training in occupations without recruitment difficulties, although this is significantly clearer amongst small companies than medium-sized companies. Nevertheless, the class with requirements-oriented marketing constitutes the largest class for all four company groups.
Conclusion: The results indicate that conditions in the training market affect the training marketing companies carry out. However, they also show that companies are more likely to use their training marketing to react to recruitment problems that have already occurred rather than take a preventative approach towards such difficulties. For small companies in particular, the limitations in resources available for more elaborate training marketing likely contribute to this approach. Nevertheless, further research is needed to consolidate the outcomes identified here.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Compared to general education, vocational education and training (VET) has been shown to facilitate young people’s integration into ...the labour market. At the same time, research suggests that VET falls short in teaching basic skills and, in turn, may lead to less adaptability to labour market changes and long-term disadvantages in individual labour market outcomes. To better understand the relationships between education, skills, and labour market outcomes, we examine to what extent job quality differs between individuals with general education and those with VET with respect to different skill levels. Furthermore, we investigate whether the relationship between type of qualification and job quality differs by skills. We broaden past research by considering four indicators of job quality: earnings, job security, job autonomy, and the match between respondents’ abilities and job demands. Using data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies for Germany, we demonstrate that individuals with academic education and advanced VET score higher in job quality concerning earnings and job autonomy as compared to individuals with initial VET. Comparing the two higher qualified groups, academic education is more associated with higher earnings than advanced VET, while the level of job autonomy is similar. Regarding the abilities-demands match, both groups score lower than individuals with initial VET. Moreover, higher literacy skills are associated with higher levels of job quality irrespective of the type and level of formal qualification. Finally, we find no empirical evidence that skills compensate for or reinforce disadvantages in job quality derived from professional qualifications.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Population estimates from the 1990 Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), used to measure decennial census undercount, were obtained from dual system estimates (DSE's) that assumed independence within strata ...defined by age-race-sex-geography and other variables. We make this independence assumption for females, but develop methods to avoid the independence assumption for males within strata by using national level sex ratios from demographic analysis (DA). This is done by using DSE results for females and the DA sex ratios to determine national level control totals for male population by age-race groups. These control totals are then used to determine some function of the individual strata 2 × 2 table probabilities for males that is assumed constant across strata within age-race groups. One such candidate function is the cross-product ratio, but other functions can be used that lead to different DSEs. We consider several such alternative DSE's, and use DA results for 1990 to apply them to data from the 1990 U.S. census and PES.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Welche Rolle die Berufsbildung in Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz übernehmen kann, war Thema der 5. Österreichischen ...Berufsbildungsforschungskonferenz 2016. Diskutiert wurden die Erwartungen an die Berufsbildung: ob sie die soziale Integration und Mobilität fördert, Innovationsmotor ist und Beschäftigungsimpulse setzen kann.
Die Schwerpunkte sind in diesem Tagungsband zusammengefasst: historische Betrachtungen und aktuelle Tendenzen, Curriculum und Outcome, Lehre und Lernen in der beruflichen Bildung, Genderaspekte, betriebliches Ausbildungsverhalten und Ausbildungsqualität. Den Abschluss bilden internationale Analysen.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- In einigen Ländern der südlichen Saharazone (SSA) steigt die Nachfrage nach Fachkräften. Ein durchgängiges System der beruflichen ...Aus- und Fortbildung ist in der Region noch nicht etabliert. In dem Tagungsband tragen die Autor:innen Praxiswissen zur Situation der beruflichen Bildung in den afrikanischen Subsahara-Staaten zusammen. Sie stellen Konzepte für die Entwicklung eines Systems zur beruflichen Ausbildung vor und geben einen Überblick über Strategien und Vorhaben verschiedener Länder und Institutionen.
Die Beiträge entstanden im Rahmen eines Symposions zum Status quo und zur Perspektive der beruflichen Aus- und Fortbildung. Es fand im August 2016 in Namibia mit Teilnehmer:innen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis der Subsaharastaaten, Europa, Australien und Asien statt.- There is a rising demand for specialist workers in several countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The area still lacks a consistent system of professional training and further education. The conference transcript comprises practical knowledge collected by the authors to depict the current state of professional training within the Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper also introduces the reader to concepts for the development of a professional training system and provides an overview of the strategies and plans of different countries and institutions. The included articles were written within the framework of a symposium on the status quo and the perspective of professional training and further education. This gathering took place in Namibia in August 2016 and brought together researchers and business actors from the Sub-Saharan states, Europe, Australia, and Asia.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
In July 1991 the Census Bureau recommended to its parent agency, the Department of Commerce, that the 1990 census be adjusted for undercount. The Secretary of Commerce decided not to adjust, however. ...Those decisions relied at least partly on the Census Bureau's analyses of the accuracy of the census and of the proposed undercount adjustments based on the Post-Enumeration Survey (PES). Error distributions for the nation, states, and smaller geographic units were estimated with extensions of methods applied to test censuses. To summarize and assess the relative importance of errors in different units, the Census Bureau used aggregate loss functions. This article describes the total error analysis and loss function analysis of the Census Bureau. In its decision not to adjust the census, the Department of Commerce cited different criteria than aggregate loss functions. Those criteria are identified and discussed.
Utrošak materijala jedan je od najvažnijih ciljeva pri seizmičkom projektiranju višekatnih okvira. U članku se predlaže smanjenje utroška materijala uporabom posmičnih zidova na temelju seizmičke ...analize konstrukcije prema njezinim svojstvima (Performance-Based Seismic Design - PBSD). U tu su svrhu analizirani višekatni okvirni sustavi sa i bez posmičnih zidova. Uspoređivan je dobiveni pomak s ciljanim pomakom te je predložen jednostavan algoritam za praćenje općeg odziva sustava. Rezultati jasno pokazuju da je utrošak materijala u dvojnom sustavu manji nego u okvirnom sustavu.
