Specific learning disabilities, like dyslexia or dyscalculia, are conditions where a particular function is affected, while globally, neurological functions are preserved. Dyslexia is a difficulty in ...reading and writing, despite normal intelligence and adequate social and educational opportunity. Learning disabilities are complex in nature and result from gene environment interactions that may involve multiple genes. Many isolated genetic predispositions have been identified, though associations that affect a significant proportion of the population are not really evident. India, with its highly endogamous populations, provides a unique opportunity for studying inherited conditions. We had studied three extended multi-generational families from endogamous groups that had a high incidence of dyslexia. All three had different patterns of inheritance, indication that dyslexia may be a common manifestation of different molecular aberrations. The pathways involved neuronal differentiation; cadherin mediated cell to cell contact and GABAergic pathways. A novel pathway of neruronal differentiation from human neural progenitor cells will be described.
Dans cet article, nous présentons une typologie de transformations syntaxiques permettant une adaptation des contenus textuels à destination d’enfants faibles lecteurs et dyslexiques. Pour arriver à ...cette proposition, nous avons analysé des textes parallèles originaux et adaptés. Nous avons aussi appliqué des transformations lexicales, morpho-syntaxiques et discursives à des corpus habituellement lus entre CE1 et CM1 que nous avons soumis à des enfants dans ces classes, tous profils confondus. Sur la base de ces deux études, nous avons défini une typologie de transformations syntaxiques, avec des informations supprimées, conservées ou ajoutées, qui pourra servir de guide pour adapter des textes et faciliter l’apprentissage de la lecture dans des cas d’enfants en difficulté.
Syntactic transformations to help learning to read : typology, adequacy and adapted corpora.
In this paper, we present a typology of syntactic transformations targeted at adapting textual contents addressed to poor-readers and dyslexic children. To make this proposition, we have analyzed a set of parallel texts (original and adapted). We have also applied lexical, morpho-syntactic and discursive transformations to corpora usually read at primary school (second to fourth grades). The different versions have been read by different reader profiles at school. Based on both studies, we have defined a typology of syntactic transformations, with deleted, kept or added information, that could be used as guidelines to adapt texts and facilitate reading to children facing difficulties.
In Table 3 and Table 4, the values for standard deviations were incorrectly listed as negative values. The correct Table 3 can be viewed here: thumbnail Download: * PPT PowerPoint slide * PNG larger ...image * TIFF original image The correct Table 4 can be viewed here: thumbnail Download: * PPT PowerPoint slide * PNG larger image * TIFF original image Figures Citation: Tops W, Verguts E, Callens M, Brysbaert M (2013) Correction: Do Students with Dyslexia Have a Different Personality Profile as Measured with the Big Five?
Developmental dyslexia Peterson, Robin L; Pennington, Bruce F
Annual review of clinical psychology,
03/2015, Volume:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This review uses a levels-of-analysis framework to summarize the current understanding of developmental dyslexia's etiology, brain bases, neuropsychology, and social context. Dyslexia is caused by ...multiple genetic and environmental risk factors as well as their interplay. Several candidate genes have been identified in the past decade. At the brain level, dyslexia is associated with aberrant structure and function, particularly in left hemisphere reading/language networks. The neurocognitive influences on dyslexia are also multifactorial and involve phonological processing deficits as well as weaknesses in other oral language skills and processing speed. We address contextual issues such as how dyslexia manifests across languages and social classes as well as what treatments are best supported. Throughout the review, we highlight exciting new research that cuts across levels of analysis. Such work promises eventually to provide a comprehensive explanation of the disorder as well as its prevention and remediation.
Purpose: The purpose of this tutorial is to discuss the language basis of dyslexia in the context of developmental language disorders (DLDs). Whereas most studies have focused on the phonological ...skills of children with dyslexia, we bring attention to broader language skills. Method: We conducted a focused literature review on the language basis of dyslexia from historical and theoretical perspectives with a special emphasis on the relation between dyslexia and DLD and on the development of broader language skills (e.g., vocabulary, syntax, and discourse) before and after the identification of dyslexia. Results: We present clinically relevant information on the history of dyslexia as a language-based disorder, the operational definitions used to diagnose dyslexia in research and practice, the relation between dyslexia and DLD, and the language abilities of children with dyslexia. Conclusions: We discuss 3 clinical implications for working with children with dyslexia in school settings: (a) Children with dyslexia--with and without comorbid DLDs--often have language deficits outside the phonological domain; (b) intervention should target a child's strengths and weaknesses relative to reading outcomes, regardless of diagnostic labels; and (c) those who have dyslexia, regardless of language abilities at the time of diagnosis, may be at risk for slower language acquisition across their lifetime. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess multiple language skills early, at the time of the diagnosis of dyslexia, and years later to better understand the complex development of language and reading in children with dyslexia.
This article addresses the nature of dyslexia and best practices for identification and treatment within the context of multitier systems of support (MTSS). We initially review proposed definitions ...of dyslexia to identify key commonalities and differences in proposed attributes. We then review empirical evidence for proposed definitional attributes, focusing on key sources of controversy, including the role of IQ, instructional response, as well as issues of etiology and immutability. We argue that current empirical evidence supports a dyslexia classification marked by specific deficits in reading and spelling words combined with inadequate response to evidence-based instruction. We then propose a “hybrid” dyslexia identification process built to gather data relevant to these markers of dyslexia. We argue that this assessment process is best implemented within school-wide MTSS because it leverages data routinely collected in well-implemented MTSS, including documentation of student progress and fidelity of implementation. In contrast with other proposed methods for learning disability (LD) identification, the proposed “hybrid” method demonstrates strong evidence for valid decision-making and directly informs intervention.
This article reviews 95 publications (based on 21 independent samples) that have examined children at family risk of reading disorders. We report that children at family risk of dyslexia experience ...delayed language development as infants and toddlers. In the preschool period, they have significant difficulties in phonological processes as well as with broader language skills and in acquiring the foundations of decoding skill (letter knowledge, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming RAN). Findings are mixed with regard to auditory and visual perception: they do not appear subject to slow motor development, but lack of control for comorbidities confounds interpretation. Longitudinal studies of outcomes show that children at family risk who go on to fulfil criteria for dyslexia have more severe impairments in preschool language than those who are defined as normal readers, but the latter group do less well than controls. Similarly at school age, family risk of dyslexia is associated with significantly poor phonological awareness and literacy skills. Although there is no strong evidence that children at family risk are brought up in an environment that differs significantly from that of controls, their parents tend to have lower educational levels and read less frequently to themselves. Together, the findings suggest that a phonological processing deficit can be conceptualized as an endophenotype of dyslexia that increases the continuous risk of reading difficulties; in turn its impact may be moderated by protective factors.
O diagnóstico de dislexia do desenvolvimento é um fator de risco para as dificuldades de aprendizagem da matemática e exige programas de intervenção específicos e alicerçados no perfil cognitivo ...desse grupo clínico. Além dos déficits cognitivos, esses indivíduos também apresentam prejuízos emocionais e sociais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção da matemática, focado na habilidade de transcodificação numérica. Técnicas de manejo comportamental foram associadas ao treino cognitivo para lidar com os prejuízos emocionais. A intervenção foi realizada em três pacientes com diagnóstico de dislexia e sintomas de baixa autoeficácia, desmotivação e ansiedade de desempenho. Os pacientes participaram de sessões individuais, sendo que o programa foi estruturado em 12 sessões de 60 minutos cada. Para avaliação da eficácia do programa utilizou-se um delineamento de pré e pós-teste. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os pacientes obtiveram ganhos tanto quantitativos, quanto qualitativos. Entretanto, nem todas as habilidades treinadas obtiveram uma melhora significativa, atribui-se esse desfecho a diferenças no perfil cognitivo e emocional dos pacientes. The diagnosis of developmental dyslexia is a risk factor to mathematical learning difficulties and requires specific intervention programs grounded in the cognitive profile of this clinical group. Besides the cognitive deficits, these individuals have emotional and social impairment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a math intervention program focused on numerical transcoding ability. Behavioral management techniques were used to deal with the emotional disregulation, during the cognitive intervention. The intervention was performed with three patients diagnosed with dyslexia and symptoms of low self-efficacy, demotivation and performance anxiety. Patients participated in individual sessions of the program which was structured in 12 sessions of 60 minutes each. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the program, it was used pretest and posttest design. The results demonstrated that all patients had both quantitative and qualitative gain. However, some abilities did not show significative improvement. This scenario is related to pacients differences in cognitive and emotional profile.
PDF
