•Condition-based load-sharing decisions are introduced.•Improved clustering opportunities result in substantial cost-savings.•Desynchronizing deterioration improves the reliability of systems with ...redundancy.•Condition-based load-sharing is also beneficial without economic dependency.•Sometimes the most deteriorated unit should produce the fastest.
Many production facilities consist of multiple and functionally exchangeable units of equipment, such as pumps or turbines, that are jointly used to satisfy a given production target. Such systems often have to ensure high levels of reliability and availability. The deterioration rates of the units typically depend on their production rates, implying that the operator can control deterioration by dynamically reallocating load among units. In this study, we examine the value of condition-based load-sharing decisions for two-unit systems with economic dependency. We formulate the system as a Markov decision process and provide optimal joint condition-based maintenance and production policies. Our numerical results show that, dependent on the system characteristics, substantial cost savings of up to 40% can be realized compared to the optimal condition-based maintenance policy under equal load-sharing. The structure of the optimal policy particularly depends on the maintenance setup cost and the penalty that is incurred if the production target is not satisfied. For systems with high setup costs, the clustering of maintenance interventions is improved by synchronizing the deterioration of the units. On the contrary, for low setup costs, the deterioration levels are desynchronized and the maintenance interventions are alternated.
Este é um texto sobre a condição periférica europeia da economia portuguesa. Considera-se que, por causa dos seus desequilíbrios internos e da dependência que eles geram, há três funções de ...intermediação que esta periferia desempenha na sua articulação com o exterior. Mostra-se em que é que isso consiste, quais são os cinco problemas que se tornaram incontornáveis e que decisões de economia política são importantes para contrariar o aprofundamento da dependência de Portugal e o estreitamento do país.
This is a text about the peripheral European condition of the Portuguese economy. Because of its internal imbalances and the dependence they generate, there are three intermediation functions are ...considered to come into play regarding this periphery and its articulation with outside economies. The present work looks at what this consists of, identifies the five problems that have become unavoidable, and points to those political economy decisions deemed important to counteract the deepening of our dependence and the narrowing of the country.
Communities living with nuclear infrastructures have widely been positioned as quiescent and accepting of the risks posed. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in 2008 in the village of Seascale, ...which neighbours the UK’s Sellafield nuclear site, and on recent thinking on nuclear and toxic geographies, this paper troubles the idea of nuclear quiescence. In doing so, it critically engages with a long tradition of geographical research on nuclear communities, much of which adopts a risk‐perception paradigm, foregrounding the presence (or absence) of localised concern. Within this body of work, interest has centred on the apparent paradox that those spatially exposed are also most quiescent, pointing to the play of economic dependency, risk denial, and familiarity with nuclear infrastructure. This paper addresses the slow violence inherent in living on with nuclear infrastructure: drawn‐out effects and affects of nuclearity on place that are barely visible in the routines of everyday life. I locate these expressions of social and geographic damage in techno‐political relations that obscure the exceptionalism of the nuclear industry. The analysis challenges passive renderings of toxic victimhood by emphasising modes of pragmatic resistance – subtle and contingent ways in which residents challenge the identity and structural relations of being nuclear. I stress the need for geographers to find alternative ways of theorising the unjust relationship between nuclear economies, infrastructures, and places in situations of political‐economic dependency and domination. I argue that policy instruments aimed at securing social justice in nuclear infrastructure planning will need to more fully, and openly, grapple with questions around the socio‐political relations of care that might sustain a ‘good life’ for places that have very long histories and even longer futures with toxicity.
This paper draws on ethnographic data collected in 2008 in the village of Seascale, geographically and historicallylinked to the UK’s Sellafield nuclear site, to challenge the idea of nuclear quiescence. It addresses the slow violence inherent in living on with nuclear infrastructure and makes clear the techno‐political relations and practices that underpin these protracted forms of damage. The analysis reveals the partial, pragmatic resistance offered by the residents to the toxic identities and relations imposed on them.
Desperate Housework Aassve, Arnstein; Fuochi, Giulia; Mencarini, Letizia
Journal of family issues,
06/2014, Volume:
35, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article investigates cross-national patterns in the gender division of housework in coresident couples. By using Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) data, we assess four key hypotheses proposed ...in the literature: namely, the relative resources approach (the partner who earns less does more housework), the time availability perspective (the partner who spends less time doing paid work does more housework), the economic dependency model (the partner who contributes proportionally less to the household income does more housework), and the gender ideology perspective (the beliefs on gender roles influence housework sharing in a couple), thereby verifying the presence of gender display. Our results reaffirm the significance of gender ideology, though with important differences across countries. Time availability and relative resources matter in the most egalitarian countries, whereas economic dependency matters in countries where partners contribute more unevenly to the household income.
The objective of condition based maintenance (CBM) is typically to determine an optimal maintenance policy to minimize the overall maintenance cost based on condition monitoring information. The ...existing work reported in the literature only focuses on determining the optimal CBM policy for a single unit. In this paper, we investigate CBM of multi-component systems, where economic dependency exists among different components subject to condition monitoring. The fixed preventive replacement cost, such as sending a maintenance team to the site, is incurred once a preventive replacement is performed on one component. As a result, it would be more economical to preventively replace multiple components at the same time. In this work, we propose a multi-component system CBM policy based on proportional hazards model (PHM). The cost evaluation of such a CBM policy becomes much more complex when we extend the PHM based CBM policy from a single unit to a multi-component system. A numerical algorithm is developed in this paper for the exact cost evaluation of the PHM based multi-component CBM policy. Examples using real-world condition monitoring data are provided to demonstrate the proposed methods.
Divisive politicisation of inequalities among the member states in the EU is the lowest in member states where one would expect the highest level of domestic demand for it, and it is highest in ...member states in which one would expect much lower demand. In this paper, we argue that the territorially fragmented structure of political representation in the EU creates the incentives for politicians to engage in blaming the other states and adopting us-vs.-them positions in the national, as well as in the EU arena. Regulatory and monetary integration among economies at different levels of development provides fertile ground for such politicisation. Yet, the ability to engage in such politicisation while ruling a peripheral country is crucially shaped by that country's form and level of economic dependency on the economies of the European core. The consumption-led and credit-based growth model of the South is much more exposed to crises and suddenly increasing levels of dependency, whereas the FDI-based growth models in the Eastern peripheries provide for much larger room for politicising dependency and cntesting the alleged dictate of 'foreign powers' and EU institutions.
The development of coal mining in the Navajo Nation, the largest Indian reservation in the United States, is understood as a consequence of economic dependency, resource curse, modernization, ...cultural contradiction, and so on. Missing from these frameworks are the perspectives of indigenous actors who participate in these industries. This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted with Navajo coal workers and community members during a 2013 lease renewal to analyze how a moral economy of Navajo coal workers accounts for the mobilization of Navajo labor in support of the industry, despite years of exploitation and environmental damage. This article's central argument is that the moral economy of Navajo coal workers is built on a subsistence logic, summarized in the Navajo idiom t'áá hwó ají t'éego, which emphasizes notions of "hard work" on one's "traditional" land and is produced in the collective conditions of a worker's union. Even as the future of coal looks bleak, understanding how this folk ideology mobilizes Navajo workers in support of a declining industry gives us a better understanding of the integration of indigenous peoples into capitalist processes. Key Words: coal, indigenous geography, moral economy, Navajo, resource geography.
在纳瓦霍族国这个美国最大的印第安保留区中的煤矿开发, 被理解为经济依赖、资源诅咒、现代化、文化冲突等结果。这些认识架构所缺少的, 是参与在这些产业中的原住民族行动者的视角。本文运用2013年採矿权租约展延期间与纳瓦霍族矿工和族人所进行的民族志田野工作与访谈, 分析纳瓦霍矿工的道德经济, 如何解释尽管常年的剥削与环境伤害, 纳瓦霍工人仍动员支持该产业。本文的核心主张是, 纳瓦霍工人的道德经济, 建立在生计逻辑之上, 并以纳瓦霍的俗语"T'áá hwó ají t'éego"概括之, 强调在自身的"传统"土地上"勤奋工作"的概念, 并且在工人工会的集体条件下进行生产。尽管煤矿的未来相当严峻, 理解此般民间意识形态如何动员纳瓦霍工人以支持一个衰败的产业, 让我们对于原住民族整合进入资本主义有更佳的理解。关键词: 煤炭, 原住民族地理学, 道德经济, 纳瓦霍人, 资源地理学 。
El desarrollo de la minería del carbón en la Nación Navajo, la más grande de las reservaciones indias de los Estados Unidos, es vista como una consecuencia de la dependencia económica, la maldición del recurso, la modernización, la contradicción cultural y así sucesivamente. Lo que no aparece en estos esquemas son las perspectivas de los actores indígenas que participan en estas industrias. Este artículo se basa en trabajo de campo etnográfico y entrevistas administradas en 2013 a obreros navajo que trabajan el carbón y a miembros de la comunidad, al renovarse el arrendamiento, con el fin de analizar cómo una economía moral de aquellos trabajadores puede explicar la movilización laboral navajo en apoyo de la industria carbonífera, pese a años de explotación y daño ambiental. El argumento central del artículo es que la economía moral de los trabajadores navajo del carbón está construida alrededor de una lógica de subsistencia, resumida en la expresión navajo t'áá hwó ají t'éego, la cual enfatiza nociones de "trabajo duro" en nuestra tierra "tradicional," y es producida en las condiciones colectivas del sindicato del trabajador. Aun si el futuro del carbón luce sombrío, entender cómo esta ideología popular moviliza a los trabajadores navajo en apoyo de una industria en declive nos facilita una mejor comprensión de la integración de los pueblos indígenas en los procesos capitalistas. Palabras clave: carbón, geografía indígena, economía moral, Navajo, geografía de los recursos.
The 'Green economy', a central plank of the sustainable development political and economic international agenda, relies on industrial extraction of water, minerals and other earths to produce 'green ...energy' to feed capitalist growth. The term Green extractivism describes a global problem that we examine through the case of lithium extraction in the territory of Atacameño-Likanantay (Indigenous) peoples in the Salar de Atacama, Chile. Green extractivism is a multiscalar logic and practice justified in international sustainable development policies, responding to the demands of capital, modifying international and national legal and political instruments, and permeating social, ecological and political realities in the territories of extraction. Green extractivism has many consistencies with the asymmetries of power and economic dependency that characterises the history of extractivism in Chile and Latin America. As such, Green extractivism provides a new logic to sustain consistencies in transnational capitalism. This paper traces national political and legal histories of lithium from the mid-twentieth century, demonstrating the long extractivist relationship between the state and the lithium companies that operate in the Salar de Atacama. We consider, in particular, the dynamics of Atacameño-Likanantay peoples' participation in and refusals of industry and state processes, which trouble extractivist logics.
The present research examined whether and how benevolent sexism, a subjectively positive but sexist ideology, would influence women's financial risk-taking and we proposed that benevolent sexism ...would increase women's financial risk-taking through economic dependency. Three studies converged to support our proposition. Specifically, Studies 1 and 2 (n = 387) showed that benevolent sexism was positively associated with women's financial risk-taking; such that the more benevolent sexism women endorsed, the more financial risks they tended to take. Using an experimental design, Study 3 (n = 126) established the causal link between benevolent sexism and financial risk-taking for women, and also demonstrated the mediating effect of economic dependency. These findings highlight the role of social ideology in influencing women's financial risk-taking. Implications were discussed.
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