Increasing pesticide use pollutes Chinese surface waters. Pesticides often enter waters through surface runoff from agricultural fields. This occurs especially during heavy rainfall events. ...Socio-economic development and climate change may accelerate future loss of pesticides to surface waters due to increasing food production and rainfall events. The main objective of this study is to model past and future pesticide losses to Chinese waters under socio-economic development and climate change. To this end, we developed a pesticide model with local information to quantify the potential pesticide runoff from near-stream agriculture to surface waters after heavy rainfall. We project future trends in potential pesticide runoff. For this, we developed three scenarios: Sustainability, “Middle of the Road” and Economy-first. These scenarios are based on combined Shared Socio-economic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways. We identified hotspots with high potential pesticide runoff. The results show that the potential pesticide runoff increased by 45% from 2000 to 2010, nationally. Over 50% of the national pesticide runoff in 2000 was in five provinces. Over 60% of the Chinese population lived in pesticide polluted hotspots in 2000. For the future, trends differ among scenarios and years. The largest increase is projected for the Economy-first scenario, where the potential pesticide runoff is projected to increase by 85% between 2010 and 2099. Future pesticide pollution hotspots are projected to concentrate in the south and south-east of China. This is the net-effect of high pesticide application, intensive crop production and high precipitation due to climate change. In our scenarios, 58%–84% of the population is projected to live in pesticide polluted hotspots from 2050 onwards. These projections can support the development of regional management strategies to control pesticide pollution in waters in the future.
•We modeled future pesticide runoff from agriculture to surface waters in China.•Over 50% of national pesticide runoff in 2000 was in five provinces.•Pesticide runoff to surface water increased by 45% during 2000–2010, nationally.•In the future, 58%-84% of Chinese population is projected to live in hotspots of pesticide pollution.•In the Sustainability scenario, potential pesticide runoff will be at the level of 2010.
India's freshwater biological resources are threatened by multiple stressors and ongoing conservation efforts are insufficient to tackle these challenges. We therefore propose 14 recommendations to ...halt India's freshwater biodiversity loss. i) Set up a separate ministry on biodiversity to develop and monitor policies. ii) Collection of comprehensive ecological data and sharing with the global scientific community for better assessment. iii) Assessment of data reliability and relevance towards conservation and sustainable management. iv) Integrating terrestrial-freshwater ecosystem management to effectively conserve freshwater biota. v) Implementation of environmental flow regulations for maintaining hydrological connectivity. vi) Augmentation of Protected Areas to protect freshwater biota. vii) Implementation of regulatory frameworks for trade in exotic species to reduce invasiveness. viii) Avoiding fish seed ranching programs in rivers to evade contamination of natural stocks and disease outbreaks from aquaculture. ix) Increasing collaboration between neighboring states and countries on shared freshwater ecosystem for global and regional sustainability. x) Inclusion of compulsory curriculum on biodiversity at different educational stages for developing responsibility towards protecting biodiversity. xi) Building trust among all stakeholders for better management plans through their active participation. xii) Providing alternative livelihood options to improve the socio-economic status of local people to reduce their direct dependency on freshwater ecosystems. xiii) Promotion of citizen science approach on remuneration basis in conserving freshwater biodiversity. xiv) Enabling better use of digital technologies for freshwater biodiversity monitoring. Inclusion of these timely science-based and policy-backed aquatic ecosystems protection guidelines will therefore help to achieve freshwater biodiversity conservation goals successfully in India.
Chile's planning and governance framework has supported the roll-out of high quality and efficient infrastructure that has been a key enabler of the country's rapid development over the past two ...decades. However, changing circumstances such as climate change, decentralisation and a greater focus on social and territorial equity now require a change in how infrastructure needs are identified and addressed. This review examines Chile's infrastructure stock and governance standards in light of the country's 2030 growth agenda and OECD benchmarks, and sets out how such change can be achieved, with a special focus on transport and water infrastructure.
Objective: return migration is a desirable phenomenon that has been of great importance to planners in recent decades, due to its favorable socio-economic and spatial-spatial consequences. The ...purpose of this study is evaluate the status of return migration in rural areas around Zahedan. Methods: The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For data gathering, field method was used by expert’s questionnaire. The sample community includes trustees, and village councilors. Return migration status evaluate by MOORA, regression and correlation model. Results: The results of the relative comparison of the villages around Zahedan in terms of return migration show that the village of Manzalab, Chanali, Khirabad low respectively. They had the best reverse immigration situation. The result of regression model showed that 6 components predict 62% of reverse migration changes. According to the results of the regression, the institutional and then economic and human factors are the main drivers of migration. indicators such as preparation, implementation, deprivation and employment plans by rural authorities, relative value of rural consumer inputs, quality of virtual communications. And ease of access to information, efficiency of local authorities in attracting public funding and development of rural infrastructure, and cost-benefit had the highest Beta coefficient. Conclusion: Reverse migration to villages around Zahedan is happening at a different rate and the continuation and reinforcement of this process requires good planning to improve the institutional quality, efficiency of the authorities and to provide the basic infrastructure of the villages.
This article examines the regulatory history of asset valuation in Germany from the fifteenth century to the implementation of the European Economic Community’s Fourth Directive in 1986. Aiming to ...explain regulatory changes by reference to preceding socio-economic and political developments, we find that accounting requirements often became more restrictive following economic crises, after which regulation was perceived to be inadequate. In the nineteenth century, fair valuation replaced the early practice of historical cost accounting. Following a severe economic crisis in the 1870s, historical costs were reintroduced as an upper valuation boundary for Aktiengesellschaften (stock companies). However, the requirements were unspecific and discretionary and provoked a lively debate on principles-based accounting after 1900. The interwar years and the Great Depression encouraged the Government also to implement historical cost as a lower boundary to asset valuation. Following the Second World War, the valuation principle was extended to all company forms.
This is 21st century and we are living in 21st century. It started cause of shortening of geographical distance and bringing the nations closer. When the nations came closer they developed their ...policy to more interact with each-other for development and partnerships. When we talk about the developed and developing states we can say development and partnerships is a easy way to get wider existence and stability for developing states in international level. Development and partnerships between the nations it could be economic, political, social-cultural etc. India and Bangladesh both are the developing countries India and Bangladesh have shared common history, language, religion, culture etc. India surrounds Bangladesh, 78.86% of its border lying with India. So, its beneficial for both the countries if they start and do more developments and partnerships cooperation between each-other in 21st century.
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