This paper analyses the estimates offered by political and social media on trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Spain. Estimates of the costs and economic benefits obtained by ...traffickers from their victims are calculated using different information sources. These sources
are collected by the authors (interviews with key informants and traffickers, analysis of court rulings, ethnographic work, analysis of news items reported in the press, and memoirs from official bodies). The results question the contradictory and obsolete information used to refer to the
number of victims, economic volumes, and the number of men paying for sexual services.
Este trabajo analiza las estimaciones que desde medios políticos y sociales se ofrecen sobre la trata con fines de explotación sexual en España. Partiendo de distintas fuentes de información ...recogidas por los autores (entrevistas a informantes clave y a tratantes, análisis de sentencias judiciales, trabajo etnográfico, análisis de noticias en prensa y memorias de organismos oficiales) se realizan estimaciones del coste y beneficios económicos que los tratantes obtienen de sus víctimas, y se cuestionan las informaciones contradictorias y obsoletas que se utilizan para referirse al número de víctimas y a los hombres que pagan por servicios sexuales.
This paper analyses the estimates offered by political and social media on trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Spain. Estimates of the costs and economic benefits obtained by traffickers from their victims are calculated using different information sources. These sources are collected by the authors (interviews with key informants and traffickers, analysis of court rulings, ethnographic work, analysis of news items reported in the press, and memoirs from official bodies). The results question the contradictory and obsolete information used to refer to the number of victims, economic volumes, and the number of men paying for sexual services.
The disjunction of ecological and socioeconomic sciences is one of the main obstructions in current human–natural integrated systems research. Therefore, gridded GIS technology is introduced in an ...attempt to achieve the spatial flow analysis of water pollution in eco-natural systems. With this unified GIS platform, an input–output table and one-dimensional water quality model are chosen to manifest the spatial economic flows and spatial natural flows of water pollution separately. Finally, the comprehensive effect of the spatial circulation of water pollution in eco-natural systems is assessed. A case study of the framework is carried out in the Changzhou District of Taihu Lake, China, and the main results show the following: (1) COD (chemical oxygen demand) direct emissions represent the characteristics of high intensity and clustering in industrial regions; control unit 8 is the largest secondary emissions unit, representing up to 41.79% of the total, whereas the emissions of the primary industry tend to be low intensity and widespread. (2) The gray virtual water flow from the primary industry to other heavy industries (except the chemical industry) is the main flow type; the transfer amount adds up to 2512t, and the inter-units with the largest occupation of water environment capacity (WEC) upstream to downstream are 8–9, nearly up to 1548t. (3) Under the interaction of positive and negative functions of economic flows and natural flows, the final effect of pollution transfer may be offset, environmental degradation or environmental improvement. This study could provide a basis for ecological compensation, environmental exteriority and optimization of industrial structure layouts.
The globalisation of exchanges has resulted in excessive growth of material and immaterial flows. The disconnection among the supply, production, decision-making and consumption sites generates new ...spatial interdependencies. It determines local socio-economic dynamics and affects ecosystems. In this context, the question arises if territorial capability—“localized collective capacity to serve territorial development”—influences, from local level, these globalised flows systems. By combining territorial economic principles and territorial ecology approaches, we study the industrial metabolism of the Maurienne valley in France. The Maurienne case shows how territorial characteristics contribute to the economic resilience in rural areas. The calculation of wealth flows provides information on the local economic base, the weight of industry and its social impact. The analysis of physical flows reveals the materiality of this industry and the dependence on external resources and international companies. It highlights the various pressures and risks on the environment. To deal with these constraints, companies rely on relational and geographic proximities with local subcontractors. These relationships determine both the proper functioning of the local industrial system and the territorial capability to maintain and transform industrial activities. Most rural European territories experience the same industrial issues and environmental challenges. Therefore, this study offers new research perspectives to better understand and promote ecological transition in old and often rural industrial areas.
The development of the world economy is primarily determined by the process of international specialization. The production of the specialized economic branches is usually distinguished by high ...quality; therefore, it is demanded in the world market. Since each country specializes in the production of certain types of products and their volume exceeds the demand in the domestic market, the need to export them emerges. International specialization aims to adapt the national economic potential, the domestic economy to the requirements of the world market. Hence as result of such specialization, international trade flows take place, that strengthen the economic interdependencies between countries. The global chocolate market size was valued at USD 130.56 billion and is considerably growing. The cocoa beans are the essential ingredient for chocolate, cocoa products and a wide range of other food products. Global cocoa production is expected to reach 4.8 million tons in the 2020/2021 crop year. Lately, the price of cocoa has been well over two U.S. dollars per kilogram.
A new approach is introduced for analysing the economic flows in a construction project that will complement the existing methods. The main focus of the new method is to trace the flow of costs in ...the project and identify their spatial characteristics as well as who are the final recipients. This type of analysis highlights the flow of costs of the specific project in the local economy. It can be used for decision-making purposes from the project-commissioning party. Costs were divided into six categories, namely: labour, materials, energy, office overheads, taxes and personnel, and into two levels: local and national. Three case studies of stone and reinforced concrete structures were selected and analysed to test the application of this method. The case studies showed that this method and the representation by a Sankey diagram can provide useful insights regarding both the spatialized distribution of the cost of a project and the economic flows going to direct labour versus overhead and taxes. For future projects, local authorities or developers can select the most economically suitable strategy maximizing the income of the local community.
We model the flow of human capital and resources across multimodal transportation networks throughout the Greater Tokyo Area. Our transportation networks include trains, buses, and roads integrated ...with a walking network among a geographically grounded hexagonal grid and connecting nodes of different modes. The hexagonal grid holds data on both the working population and number of jobs from which we built probability distributions for the origins and destinations of commuting trips. Using both the network simplex method and stochastically generated origin-destination trips we estimate the population flows necessary to satisfy this demand. Rather than micro-simulations of actual commuting patterns, congestion, or route planning, our approach aims to uncover patterns in the aggregate flow of human resources to and from economic opportunities. We describe the details of the socioeconomic data, network generation, and the results of our exploratory analysis, then discuss the implications of these findings for transportation usage and future work.
Abstract
Over the past three decades, new off-grid electrification infrastructures – as micro-grids and other solar solutions – have moved from innovative initiatives, conducted by NGOs and private ...stakeholders, to a credible model promoted by international organizations for electrification of rural areas in developing countries. Multiple conditions support their spread: major technological advances in the field of renewable energies (panels, batteries), intensive Chinese industrial production allowing lower prices, institutional reforms in Africa including these solutions in major national electrification programmes, and, finally, an opening to the private sector as a supposed guarantee of the projects’ viability. However, while the development of this market calls for significant investments, a vast set of calculations and a strong “micro-capitalist” doctrine, all involved in their design, experts admit that a large proportion of projects hardly survive or even fail.
This chapter investigates these failures by exploring the ecology of such infrastructures, designed for “the poor.” It discusses “thinking infrastructures” in terms of longevity by focusing on economic failures risks. The authors argue that the ecology of the infrastructure integrates various economic conversions and exchanges chains expected to participate in the infrastructure’s functioning. By following energy access solutions for rural Africa in sub-regions of Senegal and Madagascar, from their political and technical design to their ordinary life, the authors examine the tensions and contradictions embedded within the scripts of balance supposed to guarantee their success.
O presente trabalho procura expressar as transformações produtivas e de consumo ocorridas no estado de São Paulo em consonância com a logística, os sistemas de movimento e os fluxos econômicos. A ...referida desconcentração produtiva e de consumo rumo ao interior só foi possível, no ritmo acelerado, com a combinação hierarquizada de alguns elementos básicos, como: 1) a logística enquanto estratégia, planejamento e gestão (inclusive na concessão de serviços públicos à iniciativa privada) de transportes, armazenamento e comunicações; 2) o aprimoramento tecnológico dos sistemas de movimento (infra-estruturas e meios de transportes) e 3) os fluxos econômicos (bens, serviços, informações, capitais e pessoas) no território. Dessa forma, partimos para uma análise dos impactos da “quinta revolução logística” e as alternativas entre sistemas de movimento e fluidez territorial no atendimento das demandas corporativas no território paulista.
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