Extant research has established the effects of nostalgic brand positioning on brand equity, but studies have only examined individual nostalgic brand relationship dimensions separately. Combining ...these strands, we offer a holistic perspective of the mediating processes and identify contextual and firm-related moderators that affect the individual linkages. We draw on construal level theory and develop a multilevel model in which emotional attachment, brand local iconness, and brand authenticity explain how nostalgic brand positioning creates brand equity. We posit that country differences between emerging and developed markets and brand innovativeness moderate these mediating effects. The results from large consumer samples suggest that emotional attachment and brand local iconness play a weaker role in mediating the connection of nostalgic brand positioning and brand equity in emerging markets. However, this disadvantage in creating brand equity through nostalgic brand positioning in emerging markets can be attenuated with increasing levels of brand innovativeness.
The paper examines the extent of the current global crisis and the contagion effects it induces by conducting an empirical investigation of the extreme financial interdependences of some selected ...emerging markets with the US. Several copula functions that provide the necessary flexibility to capture the dynamic patterns of fat tail as well as linear and nonlinear interdependences are used to model the degree of cross-market linkages. Using daily return data from Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC) and the US, our empirical results show strong evidence of time-varying dependence between each of the BRIC markets and the US markets, but the dependency is stronger for commodity-price dependent markets than for finished-product export-oriented markets. We also observe high levels of dependence persistence for all market pairs during both bullish and bearish markets.
We review the classic theory of the MNE and past attempts to use it to understand the internationalization of firms from emerging markets. We offer two criteria to determine whether EMNEs modify ...classic theory or not: (1) establishing appropriate theoretical reference points, and (2) distinguishing between theoretical constructs and empirical variables. We suggest that the literature can benefit from moving beyond comparing EMNEs to DMNEs and focusing instead on more fruitful issues. Specifically, emerging markets offer the opportunity to observe the origin of the capabilities of MNEs in general and the development of the institutional ecosystem that supports internationalization.
This study examines and extends the resource dependence logic of diversification for a better understanding of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) activities by emerging market firms. We contend ...that the diversification logic is bounded by state ownership, an important but less considered component of interdependence. Our empirical results, based on panel data analysis of Chinese listed firms, suggest that the level of interdependence between Chinese and foreign firms in China in multiple forms, including symbiotic, competitive, and partner interdependencies, is positively associated with the level of the Chinese firms' OFDI activities. However, Chinese firms with higher levels of state ownership are less susceptible to the pressures imposed by foreign firms to invest abroad.
While scholarship exploring the impact of ownership structure on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has investigated firms in developed markets, less work has examined how ownership in firms from ...emerging markets influences community-related CSR. Both internal and external forces potentially drive community-related CSR decisions. It is hence important to understand the role of internal constraints arising due to agency problems along with institutional pressures from external stakeholders in emerging markets in shaping CSR. In this study, we draw on agency theory and sociological perspectives of institutions to explore variations in the motivation of different owners to pursue a socially responsible agenda. Our analysis of a sample of Indian firms for the period 2008–2015 illustrates that business group and family ownership is beneficial for community-related CSR. Our theoretical arguments and results highlight the importance of combining multiple lenses to assess the influence of ownership structures on CSR in emerging markets.
Growth in emerging markets is critical as it leads global economic growth. Emerging market innovations, which we define as innovations created in an emerging market for use by consumers or customers ...in that market and possibly other markets, form the engine for such growth and continue to rise in importance for various stakeholders. These innovations fundamentally differ from developed market innovations, and impact consumers, firms, governments, and the society at large. Conceptual research on emerging market innovation has not focused on the differential drivers of emerging and developed market innovations. Most empirical studies have also focused on only one emerging market, not offering generalizable conclusions across emerging markets. Thus, while prior research offers a limited understanding of factors specific to emerging market innovations, not much is known about the unique and differential drivers of emerging market innovations relative to developed market innovations. Our study offers a broader framework highlighting the unique aspects of emerging market innovations, their unique and differential (relative to developed market innovations) drivers, and related practitioner takeaways. Our framework and propositions suggest that different drivers impact the demand and supply for innovations, and, in turn, the number of innovations differently in emerging and developed markets. We outline an agenda for future research.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to compare and evaluate Earnings Management in Tunisia and Iraq.
Theoretical framework: Earnings Management is an important topic that has been studied by a ...significant number of researchers, as well as those who are interested in the accounting profession. Earnings Management has gotten a lot of attention from academics, professionals, and other interested parties in recent years (e.g. Kliestik et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2021; Gamra &Ellouze, 2021)
Design/methodology/approach: The sample includes ten banks listed on the Bourse of Tunisia and Iraq Stock Exchanges for the year 2017. We have used a model of Kothari et al., (2005) as a tool to measure Earnings Management in both markets.
Findings: The result of the study indicates that companies listed in the two markets exercise Earnings Management. Practices for managing earnings are used to either enhance, decrease, or balance out earnings.
Research, Practical & Social implications: the approaches to Earnings Management take considerably different directions. As a result, the trend in Tunisia was among of profit growth. in contrast, the companies listed in (ISE) engage in Earnings Management with the intent of cutting profits. The evident indecait that taxation on businesses, political pressure from governments, and other factors may all be contributing factors to rising or falling earnings management practies.
Originality/value: the fact, our current study is the first to compare earnings management in companies operate in both the markets of Tunisia and Iraq.
Research Summary
This study contributes to the growing strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature by examining the intersection of acquisition studies and international expansion ...research and highlighting the unexplored impact of media coverage of CSR and corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) in shaping completion and duration outcomes of cross‐border acquisitions. A quantitative analysis of 4,087 cross‐border acquisition announcements by firms from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (1990–2011) shows that while media coverage of CSR is not important, media coverage of CSI is associated with lower likelihood of and longer duration till acquisition completion. By theoretically and empirically distinguishing media coverage of CSR from CSI, this paper pushes the existing literature to acknowledge these distinct concepts and their varying effects. In sum, managers should beware media coverage of CSI when acquiring abroad.
Managerial Summary
Cross‐border acquisitions by firms from emerging markets often do not reach completion or are badly delayed, damaging the firms' attempts to expand. A key barrier to completing deals is that employees, customers, regulators, media, and other stakeholders in the target market are suspicious of these firms, fearing that they will be poor corporate citizens. I examine whether media coverage of acquirers' social activities helps overcome these suspicions. I find that media coverage of socially responsible activities does not facilitate deal completion. Strikingly, however, media coverage of irresponsible actions, such as labor or environmental issues, delays or blocks deal completion. The implication is that firms from emerging markets, which increasingly are expanding abroad, need to avoid activities that people outside their country will interpret as inappropriate.
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