Hrvatska tehnička baština, povijest i sadašnje stanje tehnike u Hrvatskoj razmjerno su slabo istraženi i dokumentirani u literaturi, a napose nedostaju pregledna, sintetska djela o tom području. ...Takvo se stanje djelomice odrazilo i u suvremenoj hrvatskoj enciklopedistici. Za razliku od Pomorske ili Šumarske enciklopedije Leksikografskoga zavoda (LZ), Tehnička enciklopedija (TE), koja je kao kapitalno djelo u 13 svezaka dugo bila nezaobilazna literatura studenata tehničkih fakulteta, usredotočila se na makropedijsko tumačenje općih tehničkih pojmova, dok je sustavna obradba povijesti i sadašnjega stanja u Hrvatskoj izostala. Novi projekt LZ-a Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE) nastavlja se na TE te predstavlja njezinu nadopunu, uključujući nacionalne teme, obrađujući u člancima opće pojmove, biografije, poduzeća te ustanove, časopise i udruge, nastojeći pritom tekstove prilagoditi najširem krugu korisnika. Projekt HTE oslanja se na vrijednosti tradicionalnoga enciklopedičkoga koncepta organizacije i diseminacije konsolidiranoga znanja, prilagođene digitalnomu dobu, te usporedno dolazi u tiskanom i mrežnom izdanju. Očekuje se da će takav pristup pridonijeti boljemu poznavanju hrvatske tehnike, a time i njezinoj boljoj percepciji u kulturnom i društvenom kontekstu.
The technological heritage of Croatia, the history and current state of technology in Croatia are relatively poorly researched and documented in literature, and overviews regarding this field are noticeably absent. This state of affairs is partially reflected in contemporary Croatian encyclopaedics. In contrast to the Pomorska enciklopedija (Maritime Encyclopaedia) or Šumarska enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Forestry) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, the Tehnička enciklopedija (TE – Encyclopaedia of Technology), a major work encompassing 13 volumes and long-time indispensable reference book for students of faculties of engineering, focused on macropeadic interpretation of general technological terms without a systematic examination of the history and current state of affairs in Croatia. The Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE – Croatian encyclopaedia of Technology) continues the TE and serves to complement it, including national topics and containing articles covering general terms, biographies, companies and institutions, journals and associations, striving to adapt the texts to a broader circle of users. The HTE project builds upon the values of the traditional encyclopaedic concept of organising and disseminating consolidated knowledge, adapted to the digital age, and is simultaneously published in printed and electronic form. It is expected that this approach will contribute towards increasing familiarity with Croatian technology and thus improve its perception in a cultural and social context).
Šume su značajni čuvar prirodnih uvjeta života, izvor gospodarske vrijednosti i sirovina za drvnu industriju i mnoge druge industrijske grane. Šumarstvo je složena djelatnost koja sadržava biološku, ...ekološku, tehničku i ekonomsku komponentu pa se enciklopedijska obradba toga područja nameće kao imperativ. Iako je malen broj zemalja koje su pristupile izdavanju posebne šumarske enciklopedije, obiman rad Leksikografskoga zavoda (isprva Leksikografski zavod FNRJ, od 1991. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža) vrlo je brzo nakon osnutka obuhvatio šumarstvo i izdao izvorno koncipiranu Šumarsku enciklopediju (1–2. sv. u 1. izd. 1959–63. te 1–3. sv. u 2. izd. 1980–87; glavni urednici Aleksandar Ugrenović i Zvonimir Potočić), koja se može svrstati među enciklopedičke rijetkosti.Metodologija rada obuhvaćala je u prvome redu (1) pronalaženje, selektiranje i organiziranje znanstvenih informacija iz primarnih izvora. Služba arhiva Općega odjela Zavoda obavlja poslove čuvanja arhivskoga gradiva i potrebno gradivo o Šumarskoj enciklopediji bilo je dostupno, opsežno i vrlo raznoliko. U ovome je radu pokazano da pohranjeni zapisi o nastanku Šumarske enciklopedije predstavljaju brižljivo zabilježena svjedočanstva u obliku korespondencija, bilješki sa sastanaka, sačuvanih originalnih članaka itd. Metodologija je dalje uključivala (2) analizu arhivskog gradiva, proučavanje i analizu oba izdanja Šumarske enciklopedije, ali i znanstvenih radova iz drugih izvora, napose znanstvenih časopisa.Vodeći računa o cilju rada, koji je u ovome radu bio dvojak, u rezultatima se donosi osvrt na urednike struka i autore članaka te ilustracija u Šumarskoj enciklopediji (1), a potom se analizira i valorizira sadržaj i struktura oba izdanja Šumarske enciklopedije (2). Rezultati analize pokazuju da je prvo izdanje Šumarske enciklopedije odgovaralo svojim sadržajem trenutku u kojemu je stvorena, tadašnjim potrebama šumarske i drvnoindustrijske tehnologije i stručnih kadrova. U sljedeća dva desetljeća postignut je neočekivano velik napredak u nizu stručnih disciplina koje ulaze u područje interesa šumarstva i drvne industrije. Drugo izdanje Šumarske enciklopedije nastojalo je udovoljiti očekivanjima stručnjaka i javnosti koja su proizlazila iz potreba novoga doba. Trebala je poslužiti kao udžbenik i kao priručnik. Time je čitatelj dobio cjelovitu i preglednu sliku pojedinih zaokruženih sadržaja. Šumarska enciklopedija, koja je izišla u izdanju Leksikografskoga zavoda, uspjela je sažeto prikazati fundamentalna saznanja o šumarstvu svima zainteresiranima, olakšavajući donošenje stručnih odluka pri rješavanju šumarske teorijske i praktične problematike.
Forests are an important guardian of natural living conditions, a source of economic value and raw materials for the wood industry and many other industries. Forestry is a complex activity that contains biological, ecological, technical, and economic components, and that deserves to be treated encyclopedically. Although a few countries started publishing a special forestry encyclopedia at that time, the extensive work of the Institute of Lexicography (at first the Institute of Lexicography of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia; since 1991 The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography) covered forestry very soon after its foundation, and published the originally designed The Encyclopedia of Forestry (vols 1–2 of the 1st edition, 1959–63, and vols 1–3 of the 2nd edition, 1980–87; chief editors Aleksandar Ugrenović and Zvonimir Potočić), which may be considered an encyclopedic rarity.The working methodology included, first of all, (1) finding, selecting, and organising scientific information from primary sources. The archive service of the Department of Human Resources and Legal Affairs of the Institute performs the tasks of keeping archival material, and the necessary material on The Encyclopedia of Forestry was available, extensive, and very diverse. In this paper, it is shown that the stored records of the creation of The Encyclopedia of Forestry thus represent carefully recorded testimonies in the form of correspondence, notes from meetings, preserved original articles, etc. The methodology further included (2) the analysis of archival material and the study and analysis of The Encyclopedia of Forestry itself (both editions) as well as scientific papers from other sources, especially scientific journals.Considering the aim of the work, which in this paper was twofold, the results include a review of professional editors and authors of articles and illustrations in The Encyclopaedia of Forestry (1), after which the content and structure of both editions of The Encyclopedia of Forestry are analysed and evaluated (2). The results of the analysis show that the first edition of The Encyclopedia of Forestry corresponded in its content to the moment in which it was created, to the then needs of forestry and wood industry technology and professional personnel. In the following two decades, unexpectedly great progress was achieved in a number of professional disciplines that enter the field of interest of forestry and the wood industry. The second edition of The Encyclopedia of Forestry tried to meet the expectations of experts and the public that arose from the needs of this new era. It was to serve as both a textbook and a manual. Thus, the reader received a complete and comprehensive picture of certain contents. The Encyclopedia of Forestry, which was published by the Institute of Lexicography, managed to concisely present fundamental knowledge about forestry to all who were interested, but it also facilitated the making of professional decisions when solving theoretical and practical issues in forestry.
The bibliography encompasses all articles published in the 13-volume Tehnička enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Technology) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography in the 1963–1997 period. ...Apart from a list of articles, the bibliography also contains an index of personal names and an index of fields of science.
Enciklopedička djela čine sintezu znanja područja koje obrađuju, nerijetko i ukupnih ljudskih dosega u vremenu u kojem nastaju. Važan dio njihova koncepta čini strukturiranost sadržaja radi lakšega ...pronalaženja, razumijevanja i korištenja željenom informacijom. Važan element te strukturiranosti mogu činiti unificirani tablični prikazi podataka. ovaj rad istražuje zastupljenost, način organizacije i funkcionalnost tabličnih prikaza u nizu enciklopedičkih djela, a osobito onih za koja je utvrđeno da se koriste tabličnim prikazima kao elementima strukturiranosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na svjetskim enciklopedičkim izdanjima (
Encyclopaedia Britannica
,
Encyclopedia Americana
,
Chambersʼs Encyclopaedia
,
World Book Encyclopedia
,
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
,
La Grande Encyclopédie
,
Wikipedija
) te projektima hrvatske enciklopedike (
Hrvatska enciklopedija
,
Proleksis enciklopedija
i
Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija
). Sadržajnom analizom enciklopedičkih projekata utvrđeni su zastupljenost i sadržaj tabličnih prikaza te različitosti i sličnosti vrsta tih prikaza i njihova sadržaja. Također, analizirane su funkcionalnosti takva oblika strukturiranoga sadržaja u mrežnim izdanjima nekih projekata. Pokazalo se kako unificirani tablični prikazi koji prate pojedine tipske članke najviše pridonose strukturiranosti enciklopedičkih djela te otvaraju nove mogućnosti za unutarnje i vanjsko povezivanje sadržaja, razvoja ontologija i sl. evolucija tabličnih prikaza u enciklopedičkim izdanjima, od pukih prikaza usustavljenih podataka u tradicionalnim (tiskanim) izdanjima do sastavnica elemenata strukture mrežnih izdanja, otvara nove mogućnosti u razvoju enciklopedike i dovodi do promjena u pristupu izvedbi mrežnih enciklopedičkih projekata.
Encyclopedic works are a synthesis of knowledge of a certain field of interest, and often of the whole human achievement at the time in which they arise. As highly informative works of a tertiary type, an important part of their concept is content structure, the purpose of which is to make them easier to understand and use. This paper explores the extent of tables, their means of organization, and their functionality in encyclopedic works. This research was conducted on well-known traditional (printed) encyclopedic works, such as the
Encyclopaedia Britannica
,
Encyclopedia Americana
,
Chambers’s Encyclopaedia
,
World Book Encyclopedia
,
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
,
La Grande Encyclopédie
, as well as croatian encyclopedic works:
Croatian Encyclopedia
,
Proleksis Encyclopedia
,
Croatian Encyclopedia of Technology
. Content analysis was conducted on tables in encyclopedic projects as important components of the structure of relevant data, providing an overview of the extent of tables and their content in selected encyclopedic works. by comparing the results of the content analysis of multiple encyclopedic works, differences, and similarities in table types and their content are shown to indicate possibilities and requisites when compiling such highly structured content. Furthermore, insight is provided into the functionalities of such structured content in online editions of some of these encyclopedic works as well as of
Wikipedia
as the most commonly used online encyclopaedia. The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of tables in encyclopedic works, from the mere rendering of systematized data in traditional works to tables as elements of structure in online works that can be used to develop ontologies, this, in turn, generates new possibilities in the development of encyclopedic studies and a new approach to the creation of online encyclopedic works.
The technological heritage of Croatia, the history and current state of technology in Croatia are relatively poorly researched and documented in literature, and overviews regarding this field are ...noticeably absent. This state of affairs is partially reflected in contemporary Croatian encyclopaedics. In contrast to the Pomorska enciklopedija (Maritime Encyclopaedia) or Šumarska enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Forestry) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, the Tehnička enciklopedija (TE – Encyclopaedia of Technology), a major work encompassing 13 volumes and long-time indispensable reference book for students of faculties of engineering, focused on macropeadic interpretation of general technological terms without a systematic examination of the history and current state of affairs in Croatia. The Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE – Croatian encyclopaedia of Technology) continues the TE and serves to complement it, including national topics and containing articles covering general terms, biographies, companies and institutions, journals and associations, striving to adapt the texts to a broader circle of users. The HTE project builds upon the values of the traditional encyclopaedic concept of organising and disseminating consolidated knowledge, adapted to the digital age, and is simultaneously published in printed and electronic form. It is expected that this approach will contribute towards increasing familiarity with Croatian technology and thus improve its perception in a cultural and social context).
S obzirom na to da je arheologija znanstvena disciplina koja se u suvremenom smislu počela razvijati u posljednjim desetljećima XIX. st., u radu se razmatra kako je enciklopedika u Hrvatskoj na ...primjeru dviju najstarijih nacionalnih enciklopedija – Hrvatske enciklopedije urednika Ivana Zocha i Josipa Mencina (1887–1890) te istoimene enciklopedije urednika Mate Ujevića (1941–45) – pratila onodobne njezine dosege odnosno zanimanje stručne, ali i šire zajednice, kako sadržajem, zastupljenošću i opsegom arheoloških tema tako i znanstvenom i pedagoškom razinom. Arheologija, kao mlada znanstvena disciplina, u Zochovoj i Mencinovoj enciklopediji nije opsežno obrađena. Bez obzira na mnoge manjkavosti te činjenicu da su većinu članaka napisali sami urednici uz pomoć pedagoga različitih područja, kao pionirsko djelo enciklopedija je otvorila put k ostvarenju kasnijih nacionalnih enciklopedičkih projekata. Enciklopedija Mate Ujevića, za razliku od Zochove i Mencinove, bila je produkt znanstvene misli onoga vremena. Članci o arheologiji, koja je u to doba već postavila znatno čvršće temelje, u formalnom i sadržajnom pogledu na visokoj su znanstvenoj razini. Premda nedovršena, Ujevićeva enciklopedija predstavlja naše najsustavnije enciklopedijsko djelo sve do pojave izdanja Leksikografskoga zavoda, utemeljenog 1950. na poticaj Miroslava Krleže.
Since archaeology is an academic discipline that began to develop in the modern sense in the final decades of the 19th century, this paper examines the two oldest national encyclopedias—The Croatian Encyclopedia edited by Ivan Zoch and Josip Mencin (1887–90) and the identically named encyclopedia edited by Mate Ujević (1941–45)—in order to determine how encyclopedics in Croatia kept pace with its then achievements and the interest of the professional and broader public, through the contents, presence, and breadth of archaeological topics as well as on the scientific and pedagogic level. As a young academic discipline, archaeology was not extensively covered in Zoch and Mencin’s encyclopedia. Regardless of many deficiencies and the fact that most entries were written by the editors themselves and without the help of pedagogues from various fields, the encyclopedia was a pioneering work that opened the way towards achieving later national encyclopedic projects. The encyclopedia of Mate Ujević, as opposed to Zoch and Mencin’s, was the product of the scientific thought of that time. Entries on archaeology, which had by then set much firmer foundations, are of high scholarly quality in terms of form and contents. Although unfinished, Ujević’s encyclopedia was the most systematic encyclopedic work in Croatia until the editions of the Institute of Lexicography, founded at the initiative of Miroslav Krleža in 1950, were published.
Enciklopedije se, kao pouzdani izvori znanja koje izrađuju stručnjaci
predmetnoga područja i leksikografi, među drugim karakteristikama, diče i
svojom pouzdanošću, točnošću i preciznošću. Prostorni ...prikaz enciklopedijskoga
znanja na određeni se način već odavno koristi na geografskim i tematskim
kartama, no digitalno doba donijelo je znatno proširene mogućnosti. Ipak, u
nedostatku osustavljenoga modela obilježavanja i prikaza (geotagiranja)
enciklopedijskoga znanja, rijetka djela u punoj mjeri rabe takav pristup.
Stvaranje takva modela donosi i neke izazove. Imena lokacija (gradova, ulica,
trgova i sl.) kroz vrijeme se mogu mijenjati, što je izazov u složenom
pretraživanju ili prikazu na karti. U takvim se slučajevima traže rješenja
svođenja na zajedničku oznaku, što je princip regularizacije (normalizacije)
teksta. Istraživanje je potaknuto nastojanjem za unapređenjem mrežnoga izdanja
Hrvatske
tehničke enciklopedije
Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža na Portalu
hrvatske tehničke baštine. Autori analiziraju dosadašnju enciklopedijsku praksu
bilježenja mjesnih imena koja su se kroz vrijeme mijenjala te razmatraju koji
oblici bilježenja najbolje odgovaraju specifičnim, praktičnim zahtjevima
digitalne enciklopedike. Takav bi način bilježenja i prikaza povećao
upotrebljivost enciklopedija, jer bi se uz nastavak prakse prikaza informacija
koje su precizne, korisnicima omogućilo olakšano pretraživanje i pregledavanje
te prikaz znanja na karti .
Encyclopaedias, as a reliable source of knowledge produced by experts
and lexicographers, are, among other characteristics, known for their
reliability, accuracy, and precision. The spatial representation of
encyclopedic knowledge has in a way been used for a long time, such as in
thematic maps, but the digital age has brought significantly expanded
possibilities. However, in the absence of an established model for marking and
displaying (geotagging) encyclopedic knowledge, few works make full use of such
an approach. Creating such a model has some challenges. Locations names (of
cities, streets, squares, etc.) can change over time, which can be a challenge
when trying to do a complex search or display information on a map. In such cases,
solutions are sought to reduce information to a common label, which is the
principle of text regularisation (normalisation). The research was prompted by
efforts to improve the online edition of the
Croatian Encyclopedia of
Technology
by the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography on the Croatian
Technical Heritage Portal. The authors analyse the current encyclopedic
practice of recording place names that have changed over time, and consider
which forms of recording best suit the specific, practical requirements of
digital encyclopedic projects of today. Such a way of marking and displaying
would increase the usability of encyclopedias because, along with providing
information that is accurate, it would enable users to easily search, browse,
and look up knowledge on a map.
Objavljivanje prvih dvaju tomova, u nacionalnom ili teritorijalnom
smislu, partikularnih enciklopedija,
Hrvatske enciklopedije Bosne i
Hercegovine
i
Enciklopedije Republike Srpske,
u intelektualnoj ...je
javnosti otvorila pitanje stvaranja
Opće enciklopedije Bosne i Hercegovine.
Ta
bi enciklopedija morala posmatrati BiH kao cjelovitu, jedinstvenu i zasebnu
historijsku, socijalnu i državnu tvorevinu isključivo na osnovu naučno
utvrđenih činjenica. Predsjedništvo je odlučilo da se ANUBiH angažuje na ovom
projektu. Nakon faze pripremnih radnji Akademija je zaključila da se u
postojećim društvenim uslovima najprije mora sačiniti iscrpna studija
izvodljivosti za cijeli izdavački poduhvat državne opće enciklopedije. Ovaj rad
je prvi odgovor na taj zahtjev. U njemu se na bazi postojećih saznanja o
studijama izvodljivosti i enciklopedistici, te sadašnjih i predvidljivih
društveno-političkih prilika, utvrđuju najvažniji elementi buduće studije izvodljivosti
projekta ANUBiH
Opća enciklopedija Bosne i Hercegovine.
The first two volumes of ethnically or territorially specific
encyclopedias, the
Croatian Encyclopedia of Bosnia and Herzegovina
and
Encyclopedia
of the Republika Srpska,
opened the issue of creating a
General
Encyclopedia of Bosnia and Herzegovina
among the intellectual public. This
encyclopedia should observe B&H as a complete, unique, and separate
historical, social, and state entity based solely on scientifically established
facts. The Presidency decided to engage ANUBiH in this project. After a phase of
preparatory activities, the Academy concluded that existing socio-political
conditions require a comprehensive feasibility study for the entire publishing
endeavour, focused on the national general encyclopedia. This paper is the
first response to that request. Based on the existing knowledge on feasibility
studies and encyclopedistics and the current and anticipated social
circumstances, the study determines the most important elements of the future
feasibility study for the ANUBiH project
General Encyclopedia of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
U radu nastojimo osvijetliti biografsku sastavnicu u opusu Branka Vodnika, s naglaskom na metabiografska i metodološka očitovanja u njegovim književnopovijesnim i kritičkim člancima te u natuknicama ...u Narodnoj enciklopediji srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačkoj . Kako bi uvid u Vodnikov leksikografski rad bio potpuniji, konzultirana je i opisana i leksikografska građa u Vodnikovoj rukopisnoj ostavštini. Cilj je rada trojak: osvjetljenje manje poznatih Vodnikovih zapažanja o metodi književnopovijesnoga posla, povezivanje njegovih teza u studijama s interpretacijama koje je donio u natuknicama i opis prijepora u književnopovijesnoj struci koji su se izravno očitovali u Vodnikovu radu i na njegovu profesionalnom putu. Kao istaknut književni povjesničar hrvatske moderne, prepoznat kao metodološki inovator i reformator, recepcijski je bio i precjenjivan kao prvi znanstveni književni povjesničar u nas, ali i stručno osporavan s neknjiževnih pozicija, kao pristran književni stručnjak, čije se ocjene temelje na zagovoru jugoslavenskoga kulturnoga jedinstva. Nastojali smo prenijeti bitne teze koje je sam Vodnik oblikovao kao nosiv dio svoje metode, dio njih i naoko usputno u radovima prigodnoga i polemičkoga značaja, s ciljem nepristrana i vremenski distancirana pogleda na metodološki proturječan, ali izvoran književnopovijesni opus koji je u čitanja hrvatskih pisaca i razumijevanje njihovih duhovnih biografija unio nov, sintetski i genološko-kulturološki pristup, koji je, nedovoljno priznat za Vodnikova života i razumijevan kao znak njegove kritičke ekscentričnosti i metodološke kolebljivosti, puni zamah dobio u radovima suvremenih književnih povjesničara novije književnosti, koji u književnopovijesne sinteze uvrštavaju kulturološke uvide. Vodnik je stoga među pretečama i moderne enciklopedijske književne biografije i kulturološkoga zaokreta u hrvatskoj književnoj povijesti.
In this paper, we try to shed light on the biographical component in Branko Vodnikʼs oeuvre, with an emphasis on metabiographical and methodological manifestations in his literary-historical and critical articles and in the articles in the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian National Encyclopedia. In order to have a more complete insight into Vodnikʼs lexicographic work, the lexicographic material in Vodnikʼs manuscript legacy was consulted and described. The aim of the paper is threefold: to shed light on Vodnikʼs lesser-known observations on the method of literary history work, to connect his theses in his studies with the interpretations he presented in his encyclopedia articles, and to describe the controversies in literary history that were directly manifested in Vodnikʼs work and in his professional career. As a prominent literary historian of Croatian modernity, recognised as a methodological innovator and reformer, he was incorrectly presented as the first Croatian literary historian to apply a scientific method, but also criticised from non-literary standpoints, as a literary expert whose evaluations were based on the advocacy of Yugoslav cultural unity. We attempt to convey the essential theses that Vodnik himself formed as a supporting part of his method, some of them seemingly incidentally in works of occasional and polemical importance, with the aim of presenting an unbiased and temporally distanced view of the methodologically contradictory but original literary-historical oeuvre that introduced a new, synthetic, and genological-cultural approach into the readings of Croatian writers and understanding of their biographies, which, insufficiently recognised during Vodnikʼs lifetime and understood as a sign of his critical eccentricity and methodological vacillation, gained full momentum in the works of contemporary literary historians of recent literature, who include cultural insights in literary-historical syntheses. Vodnik thus belongs to the forerunners of modern encyclopedic literary biography and a cultural turn in Croatian literary history.
V prispevku obravnavamo definicije leksemov rdeče (rouge) in infrardeče (infrarouge), ki sta si navidezno blizu na ravni označenca in označevalca. Kar razlikuje pomen obeh besed, ni le raba in ...sprejemanje (splošno védenje proti ekspertnemu znanju), pač pa tudi drugačen način razumevanja, saj se pomen leksema infrardeče (infrarouge) nanaša na realnost, ki je z vidom ne moremo zaznati. V primeru infrarouge se znanstvena definicija zdi nujna, pomen leksema rdeče pa pripada splošnemu besedišču. Definicija besede rdeče (rouge) pravzaprav predmetom pripisuje kromatične lastnosti, ki jih z znanstvenega vidika nimajo; v fiziki namreč barva ni lastnost predmeta, pač pa dolžina valov.
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