Advances in developed and developing countries are more attributable to growth in industrial activities that directly impact increasing energy demand. Energy availability has been inconsistent ...globally, necessitating energy storage (ES) for use as per requirement. Various energy storage technologies (ESTs) are available in mechanical, electrochemical, electrical, chemical, and thermal forms to fulfil the energy demand of a user as and when required. The factors responsible for making a commercially viable energy storage product are further being researched for an eco-friendly and optimal solution to store energy for a longer duration. Researchers are employing different strategies to evaluate the energy efficiency of storage technologies. This paper uses the VIKOR technique to analyze ESTs while assigning objective weights with the entropy weights method based on identified energy performance indicators and ranking them according to their commercialization viability. The method helps a consumer choose better ESTs as per their requirement while manufacturers compete with each other to enhance the commercial value of their energy storage products. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to understand the uncertainties, pros, and cons with the limitations and scope of using the decision model and thus taking an informed decision. The analysis of different energy storage technologies has indicated Hydrogen Fuel Cells (HFC) to be impressive and promising for the future.
For multi-site organisations, informed decision making on capital investment aimed at improving energy performance and cutting carbon emissions, across a global site base, is a complex problem. This ...work presents the systematic development and implementation of a novel energy management methodology for multi-site organisations to reach optimal efficiency across their network. The methodology, a Global Energy Management System, is based on the following strategic pillars: (1) Site Characterisation; (2) Performance Evaluation; (3) Energy Strategy; and (4) Shared learnings and dissemination. These pillars are underpinned by essential foundations: (a) Global energy team and communication forum; (b) Knowledge base at site and global level; and (c) Corporate Energy Policy. The methodology incorporates both quantitative performance evaluation using novel key performance indicators and benchmarking, as well as qualitative characterisation using energy management maturity models. The methodology culminates with a systematic, repeatable and scalable decision support framework, underpinned by a multi-criteria decision-making methodology. A detailed case study is presented for a multi-national corporation in the life sciences industry, which resulted in increased awareness of energy and carbon emissions, as well as related impacts on business continuity, corporate sustainability and social responsibility. This triggered increased investment in energy efficiency measures, thus promoting the conditions for continuous improvement towards optimal network performance.
Road lighting uniformity is an essential lighting quality parameter for motorists and pedestrians and varies with lighting design parameters. Increased road lighting uniformity may result in ...benefits, such as increased reassurance and perceived safety for pedestrians or an increased overall visual perception. However, no previous study has investigated how road lighting uniformity varies with lighting design scenarios or how the uniformity of various lighting design scenarios affects other essential parameters, such as energy performance and obtrusive light. This study aimed to investigate: (I) how uniformity varies with different road lighting design scenarios, and (II) how uniformity correlates with energy performance and risk for increasing spill light. The study is limited to pedestrian roads. We performed photometric calculations in ReluxDesktop for more than 1.5 million cases with single-sided pole arrangements and for various geometries of road width, pole distance, pole height, overhang, and luminaire tilt. The results were analyzed with a set of five relevant metrics that were calculated and analyzed together with uniformity. For the evaluation, we used the minimum luminaire power needed to achieve an average illuminance of 10 lx, the power density indicator (DP), edge illuminance ratio (REI), and we introduced two new indicators for spill light on the ground in the border areas: the extended edge illuminance ratio (extended REI) and the spill flux ratio (RSF). The results show that increased uniformity levels may significantly increase energy consumption and spill light, but that both these impacts can be relatively controlled if uniformity is kept under certain limits. The investigated cases also demonstrated that improper lighting planning significantly increases adverse effects, such as spill light.
Im Zuge der Klimaziele der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist der Energieverbrauch von Gebäuden stark in den Fokus gerückt. Der Energieverbrauch sowie die energetischen Einsparpotenziale von Gebäuden ...differieren in Abhängigkeit von der Gebäudetypologie. Verlässliche Aussagen diesbezüglich können nur durch die sukzessive Analyse der einzelnen Gebäudetypologien getroffen werden. Die komplexe Gebäudetypologie der Theaterspielstätten war bisher noch nicht Gegenstand der Forschung, sodass keine energetischen Kennwerte für den Gebäudebestand vorlagen. Mittels einer Querschnittserhebung wurde in Deutschland durch die Technische Hochschule Köln eine entsprechende Datenbasis geschaffen. Hierbei wurde festgestellt, dass der durchschnittliche Stromverbrauch des Gebäudebestands von Theaterspielstätten bei 60,5 kWh/(m2a) liegt. Der spezifische Verbrauch für Heizung und Warmwasser fällt mit 104,6 kWh/(m2a) höher aus. Die Gegenüberstellung mit normativen Referenzwerten hat gezeigt, dass der durchschnittliche Stromverbrauchskennwert der Stichproben diese um ein Vielfaches übersteigt, während der Verbrauchskennwert für Heizung und Warmwasser leicht darunter liegt. Einzelne Faktoren, die das Energieverbrauchsniveau maßgeblich beeinflussen, konnten auf Basis der Stichproben nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden.
Energy performance indicators of existing theatre buildings – classification of energy consumption and potential of energy‐related refurbishment
In terms of climate goals, energy consumption of buildings has become a focus of attention. Energy consumption and energy saving potential of buildings differ depending on the building typology. The complex building typology of theatre buildings has not yet been subject of research, so no key energy values for the building stock were available. By means of a cross‐sectional survey, a corresponding database was created. It was found that the average electricity consumption of theatre buildings is 60.5 kWh/(m2y). The specific consumption for heating and hot water is higher at 104.6 kWh/(m2y). The comparison with normative reference values has shown that the average electricity consumption value of the data collection exceeds these many times over, while the consumption value for heating and hot water is slightly lower. Individual factors that significantly influence the energy consumption level could not be clearly identified.
Directive 2012/27/EU, transposed in Italy with Decree of 4 July 2014 No102, a common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency in European Union, is an innovative tool for ...improvement of energy efficiency and also necessary to undertake main objective of European Union (save 20% of primary energy consumption by 2020). Large enterprises and energy-intensive firms, except those having an energy management system (EnMS) according to ISO 50001 or compliant with EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme or ISO 14001 fall under obligations and must be carry out energy audits every 4 years starting by December 2015 having “SMART” requirements: be Specific, Measurable, Accessible, Realistic, Time related. The analysis on a sample of Italian companies, mainly of small and medium enterprises (SME) in industry and the service sector, was conducted. Energy audit was carried out to identify Energy Company Profile, rationalize energy consumption to increase energy efficiency, assessing potential for energy savings and reducing of environmental impact. For any business context a series of energy efficiency measures has been proposed, selecting high profitability energy saving options by applying a priority criterion. Technical and economic indicators were reported on best practices focusing on tertiary sector and also industry. The study, starting from the feasibility assessments, aims to establish a possible correlation between energy performance indicators (EnPIs) and a limited number of parameters of the energy systems, in terms of production, operation and power consumption. Comparative assessment of energy-saving measures provides an useful method for assessing applicability of standard energy-saving measures in similar contexts and cost-effectiveness of solutions, as a function of a limited number of parameters.
•Four different energy performance indicators of public bus transport are discussed.•Regional differences in fuel use are strongly correlated with the propulsion systems.•A life cycle view is ...necessary to estimate the environmental impact of fuel use.•Fuel efficient buses may still have a high WTW energy use and environmental impact.•Biogas is more efficient than other alternative fuels in reducing GHG emissions.
The share of renewable fuels in Swedish public transport is steadily increasing, in line with European energy and climate goals as well as a national goal of a fossil-free vehicle fleet by 2030. However, the progression towards this goal is quite different among the Swedish regions, and efforts have been made on a national level to compare the public bus transport systems and provide a foundation for policymaking. This paper investigates different ways of assessing and presenting the energy performance of public bus transport systems. The analysis includes use of renewable and fossil fuels as well as energy efficiency and its underlying factors. Various energy performance indicators are presented and discussed with regards to practical implications and applicability for policy support.
A life cycle perspective on fuels (“well-to-wheel”) is found to have clear advantages when it comes to global reductions of fossil energy use and emissions. This requires detailed information about the fuel use, which is not always the case with the existing reporting system. Setting the energy use in relation to number of passengers transported rather than just the distance covered would better reflect the function of the transport system, but is also more uncertain with the current data available.
Sustainability is a megatrend influencing the beverage industry. Knowledge of the consumption behavior and suitable metrics are required for energy optimization strategies. Machine efficiency and ...energy consumption are intermixed in common parameters, e.g., customary specifications refer to the energy consumption for a specific number of products (e.g., kWh/1000 fillings). This does not reflect the influence that inevitable breakdown times have on the energy consumption (e.g., malfunction, lack, and tailback situations within the material flow). While specific energy performance indicators are useful as a benchmark, it does not provide reliable information to verify plant specifications, or to have a source-related cost allocation as a basis for a weak point analysis. In this work, energy and operational data were analyzed, in order to find a generic description of the operational-state related consumption behavior. Therefore, empirical data on the effective electrical energy and operational state data were collected on machine level of two representative bottling plants and for additional single machines. In the frequency distributions of the discrete values of the measured electrical energy data, three main peaks were found. These can be correlated to operational states such as state-related energy demand level. The change from one demand level to another was found to be reproducible.
Companies with energy management systems face difficulties in practice to determine an improvement in energy efficiency in a way that can be verified. This is due to a variety of influences on energy ...consumption, such as differing product portfolios, rising production volumes, and climatic influences. With the aid of multivariable linear regression analysis, the relationship between a company's electricity consumption and potential influencing factors is examined step by step. The result is a mathematical formula that is at once the energy‐related baseline and the new energy performance indicator (EnPI) for electricity as an energy source.
By multivariable linear regression analysis, the relationship between a company's electricity consumption and potential influencing factors is examined stepwise. The result is a mathematical formula that is both the new energy baseline and the new energy performance indicator for electricity. The model is well‐suited in companies whose energy consumption is subject to a large number of influencing variables.
The clean energy transition is the transition from the use of nonrenewable energy sources to renewable sources and is part of the wider transition to sustainable economies through the use of ...renewable energy, the adoption of energy-saving measures, and sustainable development techniques. The clean energy transition is a long and complex process that will lead to an epochal change, and it will allow safeguarding the health of the environment in the long term. For its success, it necessitates contribution from everyone, from the individual citizen to large multinationals, passing through SMEs; national and international policies play a key role in paving the way to this process. This Special Issue is focused on technical, financial, and policy-related aspects linked to the transition of industrial and service sectors towards energy saving and decarbonization. These different aspects are interrelated and, as such, they have been analyzed with an interdisciplinary approach, for example, by combining economic and technical information. The collected papers focus on energy efficiency and clean-energy key technologies, renewable sources, energy management and monitoring systems, energy policies and regulations, and economic and financial aspects.
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