Energy storage systems: a review Mitali, J.; Dhinakaran, S.; Mohamad, A.A.
Energy Storage and Saving,
September 2022, Volume:
1, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The world is rapidly adopting renewable energy alternatives at a remarkable rate to address the ever-increasing environmental crisis of CO2 emissions. Renewable energy system offers enormous ...potential to decarbonize the environment because they produce no greenhouse gases or other polluting emissions. However, the RES relies on natural resources for energy generation, such as sunlight, wind, water, geothermal, which are generally unpredictable and reliant on weather, season, and year. To account for these intermittencies, renewable energy can be stored using various techniques and then used in a consistent and controlled manner as needed. Several researchers from around the world have made substantial contributions over the last century to developing novel methods of energy storage that are efficient enough to meet increasing energy demand and technological breakthroughs. This review attempts to provide a critical review of the advancements in the energy storage system from 1850–2022, including its evolution, classification, operating principles and comparison.
•Primary and secondary energy forms introduced.•Different (electrical and thermal) energy storage technologies presented and compared.•Real life energy storage application analysed to understand the ...most widely applied technology.•Challenges facing the energy storage industry summarised.•Future prospects of the energy storage sector predicted.
Energy storage is nowadays recognised as a key element in modern energy supply chain. This is mainly because it can enhance grid stability, increase penetration of renewable energy resources, improve the efficiency of energy systems, conserve fossil energy resources and reduce environmental impact of energy generation. Although there are many energy storage technologies already reviewed in the literature, these technologies are currently at different levels of technological maturity with a few already proven for commercial scale application. Most of the review papers in energy storage highlight these technologies in details, however; there remains limited information on the real life application of these technologies for energy storage purpose. This review paper aims to address this gap by providing a detailed analysis of real life application and performance of the different energy storage technologies. The paper discusses the concept of energy storage, the different technologies for the storage of energy with more emphasis on the storage of secondary forms of energy (electricity and heat) as well as a detailed analysis of various energy storage projects all over the world. In the final part of this paper, some of the challenges hindering the commercial deployment of energy storage technologies are also highlighted.
As mitigating climate change becomes an increasing worldwide focus, it is vital to explore a diverse range of technologies for reducing emissions. Heating and cooling make up a significant proportion ...of energy demand, both domestically and in industry. An effective method of reducing this energy demand is the storage and use of waste heat through the application of seasonal thermal energy storage, used to address the mismatch between supply and demand and greatly increasing the efficiency of renewable resources. Four methods of sensible heat storage; Tank, pit, borehole, and aquifer thermal energy storage are at the time of writing at a more advanced stage of development when compared with other methods of thermal storage and are already being implemented within energy systems. This review aims to identify some of the barriers to development currently facing these methods of seasonal thermal energy storage, and subsequently some of the work being undertaken to address these barriers in order to facilitate wider levels of adoption throughout energy systems.
•Review of aquifer, borehole, tank, and pit seasonal thermal energy storage.•Identifies barriers to the development of each technology.•Advantages and disadvantages of each type of STES.•Waste heat for seasonal thermal storage.•Storage temperatures, recovery efficiencies, and uses for each technology.
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Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) have received significant attention owing to environmental friendliness, high energy density and inherent safety. However, lack of high-performance ...cathodes has become the main bottleneck of AZBs development. Here, oxygen-deficient NH4V4O10−x·nH2O (NVOH) microspheres are synthesized and used as cathodes for AZBs. The experimental test and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the oxygen vacancies in the lattice lower the Zn2+ diffusion energy barrier, which enables fast Zn2+ diffusion and good electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range. The suppressed side reactions also can help to improve the low temperature performance. NVOH shows a high energy density of 372.4 Wh kg−1 and 296 Wh kg−1 at room temperature and −30°C, respectively. Moreover, NVOH maintains a 100% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and ∼94% capacity retention after 2600 cycles at 2 A g−1 and −30°C. Investigation into the mechanism of the process reveals that the capacity contribution of surface capacitive behaviors is dominant and capacity attenuation is mainly caused by the decay of diffusion-controlled capacity. Furthermore, flexible AZBs can steadily power portable electronics under different bending states, demonstrating its great potential in wide-temperature wearable device.
Abstract
The share of electricity generated by intermittent renewable energy sources is increasing (now at 26% of global electricity generation) and the requirements of affordable, reliable and ...secure energy supply designate grid-scale storage as an imperative component of most energy transition pathways. The most widely deployed bulk energy storage solution is pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), however, this technology is geographically constrained. Alternatively, flow batteries are location independent and have higher energy densities than PHES, but remain associated with high costs and short lifetimes, which highlights the importance of developing and utilizing additional larger-scale, longer-duration and long-lifetime energy storage alternatives. In this paper, we review a class of promising bulk energy storage technologies based on thermo-mechanical principles, which includes: compressed-air energy storage, liquid-air energy storage and pumped-thermal electricity storage. The thermodynamic principles upon which these thermo-mechanical energy storage (TMES) technologies are based are discussed and a synopsis of recent progress in their development is presented, assessing their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective solutions. The current performance and future prospects of TMES systems are examined within a unified framework and a thermo-economic analysis is conducted to explore their competitiveness relative to each other as well as when compared to PHES and battery systems. This includes carefully selected thermodynamic and economic methodologies for estimating the component costs of each configuration in order to provide a detailed and fair comparison at various system sizes. The analysis reveals that the technical and economic characteristics of TMES systems are such that, especially at higher discharge power ratings and longer discharge durations, they can offer promising performance (round-trip efficiencies higher than 60%) along with long lifetimes (>30 years), low specific costs (often below 100 $ kWh
−1
), low ecological footprints and unique sector-coupling features compared to other storage options. TMES systems have significant potential for further progress and the thermo-economic comparisons in this paper can be used as a benchmark for their future evolution.
We show that a common Li–O2 battery cathode binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), degrades in the presence of reduced oxygen species during Li–O2 discharge when adventitious impurities are ...present. This degradation process forms products that exhibit Raman shifts (∼1133 and 1525 cm–1) nearly identical to those reported to belong to lithium superoxide (LiO2), complicating the identification of LiO2 in Li–O2 batteries. We show that these peaks are not observed when characterizing extracted discharged cathodes that employ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) as a binder, even when used to bind iridium-decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ir-rGO)-based cathodes similar to those that reportedly stabilize bulk LiO2 formation. We confirm that for all extracted discharged cathodes on which the 1133 and 1525 cm–1 Raman shifts are observed, only a 2.0 e–/O2 process is identified during the discharge, and lithium peroxide (Li2O2) is predominantly formed (along with typical parasitic side product formation). Our results strongly suggest that bulk, stable LiO2 formation via the 1 e–/O2 process is not an active discharge reaction in Li–O2 batteries.
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) represents one of the main alternatives to large-scale electrical energy storage solutions from medium to long-term period such as compressed air and pumped hydro ...energy storage. Indeed, characterized by one of the highest volumetric energy density (≈200 kWh/m3), LAES can overcome the geographical constraints from which the actual mature large-scale electrical energy storage technologies suffer from. LAES is based on the concept that air can be liquefied, stored, and used at a later time to produce electricity. Although the liquefaction of air has been studied for over a century, the first concept of using cryogenics as energy storage was proposed for the first time in 1977 and rediscovered only in recent times. Indeed, the need for alternative energy vectors in the energy system attracted many researchers to discover the potential of the use of cryogenic media. This has brought the realization of a first LAES pilot plant and a growing number of studies regarding LAES systems. The main drawback of this technology is the low round-trip efficiency that can be estimated around 50–60% for large-scale systems. However, due to its thermo-mechanical nature, LAES is a versatile energy storage concept that can be easily integrated with other thermal energy systems or energy sources in a wide range of applications. Most of the literature published is based on thermodynamic and economic analysis focusing on different LAES configurations. This paper provides a collection of the papers published on LAES and it classifies the various studies conducted in different categories. Future perspectives show that hybrid LAES solutions with efficient design of the waste energy recovery sections are the most promising configuration to enhance the techno-economic performance of the stand-alone system.
•The state of the art of LAES is described.•A detailed review of the studies published is reported.•Future prospective can aim to develop LAES hybrid solutions with an efficient thermal energy recovery system.
This paper presents a generalized energy storage system model for voltage and angle stability analysis. The proposed solution allows modeling most common energy storage technologies through a given ...set of linear differential algebraic equations (DAEs). In particular, the paper considers, but is not limited to, compressed air, superconducting magnetic, electrochemical capacitor and battery energy storage devices. While able to cope with a variety of different technologies, the proposed generalized model proves to be accurate for angle and voltage stability analysis, as it includes a balanced, fundamental-frequency model of the voltage source converter (VSC) and the dynamics of the dc link. Regulators with inclusion of hard limits are also taken into account. The transient behavior of the generalized model is compared with detailed fundamental-frequency balanced models as well as commonly-used simplified models of energy storage devices. A comprehensive case study based on the WSCC 9-bus test system is presented and discussed.
The heat generated during a single cell failure within a high energy battery system can force adjacent cells into thermal runaway, creating a cascading propagation effect through the entire system. ...This work examines the response of modules of stacked pouch cells after thermal runaway is induced in a single cell. The prevention of cascading propagation is explored on cells with reduced states of charge and stacks with metal plates between cells. Reduced states of charge and metal plates both reduce the energy stored relative to the heat capacity, and the results show how cascading propagation may be slowed and mitigated as this varies. These propagation limits are correlated with the stored energy density. Results show significant delays between thermal runaway in adjacent cells, which are analyzed to determine intercell contact resistances and to assess how much heat energy is transmitted to cells before they undergo thermal runaway. A propagating failure of even a small pack may stretch over several minutes including delays as each cell is heated to the point of thermal runaway. This delay is described with two new parameters in the form of gap-crossing and cell-crossing time to grade the propensity of propagation from cell to cell.
In the past decade, long-term sorption and thermochemical heat storage has generated lot of interest. This paper presents the state of the art in this field of research, materials used in these ...systems and technological difficulties that researchers are set against. An emphasis is put on recent demonstrative projects including absorption and adsorption for long-term solar energy storage. It emerges that considerable breakthrough have been made. Even though there is no mature long-term sorption or thermochemical energy storage yet, primarily due to the high cost of materials, the suitability of this technology to long-term storage remains its main power of attracting.
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