Teorija moralnih temelja (Haidt i Joseph, 2004) u posljednjih se dvadesetak godina sve češće nameće kao vodeća teorija u području psihologije morala. Prema toj teoriji postoji pet osnovnih moralnih ...temelja: briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo. Osim toga, postoje i temelji višega reda nazvani individualističkim (koji uključuje brigu i pravednost) i kolektivističkim (koji uključuje autoritet, lojalnost i čistunstvo). Za ispitivanje prihvaćanja različitih vrsta moralnih temelja kod pojedinaca razvijen je Upitnik moralnih temelja (Graham i sur., 2011), izvorno validiran na američkoj populaciji, a kasnije i na drugim uzorcima diljem svijeta. Rezultati pokazuju da je na nekim uzorcima prikladnija petofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju osnovni moralni temelji, a na drugim je uzorcima prikladnija dvofaktorska struktura koju sačinjavaju temelji višega reda. S obzirom na međukulturnu osjetljivost ispitivanja moralnih dimenzija, osnovni je cilj ovoga rada provjeriti prikladnost dviju faktorskih struktura Upitnika moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku (dvofaktorsku i petofaktorsku strukturu). Istraživanje je uključivalo 433 sudionika prosječne dobi 21.72 (SD = 4.1) godine. Uz prikupljanje demografskih podataka te podataka o političkoj orijentaciji i stupnju religioznosti, sudionici su ispunili Upitnik moralnih temelja i Skalu stavova prema homoseksualnim skupinama. Provedena je konfirmatorna faktorska analiza u svrhu ispitivanja najprikladnijega modela Upitnika moralnih temelja za primjenu na hrvatskoj populaciji te je ispitana kriterijska valjanost. Rezultati pokazuju da originalno predložena petofaktorska struktura (briga, pravednost, lojalnost, autoritet i čistunstvo) nije prikladna, no dvofaktorska struktura (individualistički i kolektivistički moralni temelji) pokazala se pogodnijom za primjenu na hrvatskome uzorku, pri čemu su koeficijenti pouzdanosti za obje dimenzije visoki. Rezultati upućuju na to da Upitnik moralnih temelja treba razmatrati kao dvofaktorski te da je on prikladan za buduća mjerenja moralnih temelja na hrvatskome uzorku.
Over the past two decades, Moral foundations theory (Haidt & Joseph, 2004) has increasingly become a leading theory in the field of moral psychology. According to this theory, there are five basic moral foundations: care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and sanctity. In addition, there are also higher-level foundations: individualizing foundations (including care and fairness) and binding foundations (including authority, loyalty, and sanctity). To examine individuals’ acceptance of different types of moral foundations, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham et al., 2011) was developed and originally validated in the U.S. population and later in other samples around the world. Results show that in some samples, the appropriate five-factor structure consists of basic moral foundations, while in others, the appropriate two-factor structure consists of higher-order foundations. Considering the cross-cultural sensitivity of measuring moral dimensions, the main objective of this study is to investigate the appropriateness of the two factor structures of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on a Croatian sample (two-factor and five-factor structure). The study included 433 participants with a mean age of 21.72 (SD = 4.1) years. In addition to demographic data, political orientation, and level of religiosity, participants completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale to examine criterion validity. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the most appropriate model of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire for the Croatian population. The results show that the originally proposed five-factor structure (care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and sanctity) is not suitable, while the two-factor structure (individualizing and binding) with high reliability coefficients for both dimensions proved to be more suitable for use in the Croatian sample. The results suggest that the Moral Foundations Questionnaire should be considered as a two-factor structure and is suitable for future measurements of moral foundations in the Croatian sample.
Osjetljivost na okolinu osobina je koja se odnosi na lakoću zamjećivanja informacija o okolini i dubinu njihove obrade. Individualne su razlike u osjetljivosti na okolinu znatne, a stupanj te ...osjetljivosti određuje pojedinčeve reakcije na pozitivne i negativne čimbenike kojima je izložen. Uloga osjetljivosti na okolinu u razvoju i prilagodbi djece i adolescenata nedovoljno je istražena, velikim dijelom zbog toga što je tek nedavno razvijena prva izravna mjera dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu. Cilj je ovoga rada ispitati psihometrijske karakteristike te mjere, nazvane Ljestvica dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu (Pluess i sur., 2018). U okviru projekta Kako smo? Život u Hrvatskoj u doba korone djeca osnovnoškolske (N = 407) i srednjoškolske (N = 307) dobi ispunila su Ljestvicu dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu i upitnik ličnosti IPIP-15 online-putem. Ljestvica dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu kao instrument za samoprocjenu osjetljivosti na okolinu pokazala je zadovoljavajuće razine pouzdanosti i valjanosti kod hrvatske djece i adolescenata. Ljestvica ima bifaktorsku strukturu te mjeri opću osjetljivost na okolinu i tri specifične dimenzije: estetsku osjetljivost, nizak osjetni prag i pobudljivost. Utvrđena je djelomična mjerna invarijatnost Ljestvice za djecu različitoga roda i dobi. Korelacije pojedinih dimenzija i opće osjetljivosti na okolinu s osobinama ličnosti umjerene su i teorijski smislene. Ljestvicu je preporučljivo koristiti u budućim istraživanjima, iako su za pojedine podljestvice potrebna daljnja istraživanja. Primjena Ljestvice može doprinijeti povećanju znanja o učincima pozitivnih i negativnih čimbenika iz okoline na razvoj djece i adolescenata.
Društvene mreže postale su važan alat za prijenos informacija i povezivanje pojedinaca. Iako ne postoji dobna granica za korištenje društvenih mreža, najčešće ih koristi mlađa populacija. Pregled ...literature pokazuje da postoji niz istraživanja kvalitete usluga u on-line okruženju, ali su rijetka ona koja istražuju kvalitetu društvenih mreža. U ovom je istraživanju, u svrhu mjerenja kvalitete društvenih mreža, testirana primjena SNSQUAL modela, kojeg su razvili Phillips et al. (2016). Model obuhvaća varijable koje opisuju jednostavnost korištenja, povjerenje, personalizaciju, pouzdanost i integraciju usluga na društvenim mrežama. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku studenata, te je prikupljen 341 ispravno ispunjen anketni upitnik. Prikupljeni podaci su analizirani primjenom metoda deskriptivne
statističke analize, faktorske analize i analize pouzdanosti. Rezultati
istraživanja ukazuju na visoku razinu percipirane kvalitete društvenih mreža. Ujedno se kvaliteta društvenih mreža u Hrvatskoj percipira kroz sljedeće dimenzije: informacije, jednostavnost korištenja, pouzdanost i sigurnost, integriranost i prilagođavanje.
Social networks have become important tool for disseminating information
and connecting people. Although there is no age limit for using social networks, they are most frequently used by younger population. Literature review implies that there is number of service quality studies in on-line environment. However, there is a lack of studies about the social network quality. For the purpose of measuring social network quality, SNSQUAL model designed by Phillips et al. (2016) was tested in present study. The model comprised variables that describe ease of use, trust, personalization, reliability, and integration of services on social networks. The research was conducted among the students. A total of 341 valid questionnaires were gathered. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and reliability analysis. Study results indicate high level of perceived social networks
quality. In addition, social network quality in Croatia is perceived through following dimensions: information, ease of use, reliability and safety, integration, and customization.
Osjetljivost na okolinu osobina je koja se odnosi na lakoću zamjećivanja informacija o okolini i dubinu njihove obrade. Individualne su razlike u osjetljivosti na okolinu znatne, a stupanj te ...osjetljivosti određuje pojedinčeve reakcije na pozitivne i negativne čimbenike kojima je izložen. Uloga osjetljivosti na okolinu u razvoju i prilagodbi djece i adolescenata nedovoljno je istražena, velikim dijelom zbog toga što je tek nedavno razvijena prva izravna mjera dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu. Cilj je ovoga rada ispitati psihometrijske karakteristike te mjere, nazvane Ljestvica dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu (Pluess i sur., 2018). U okviru projekta Kako smo? Život u Hrvatskoj u doba korone djeca osnovnoškolske (N = 407) i srednjoškolske (N = 307) dobi ispunila su Ljestvicu dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu i upitnik ličnosti IPIP-15 online-putem. Ljestvica dječje osjetljivosti na okolinu kao instrument za samoprocjenu osjetljivosti na okolinu pokazala je zadovoljavajuće razine pouzdanosti i valjanosti kod hrvatske djece i adolescenata. Ljestvica ima bifaktorsku strukturu te mjeri opću osjetljivost na okolinu i tri specifične dimenzije: estetsku osjetljivost, nizak osjetni prag i pobudljivost. Utvrđena je djelomična mjerna invarijatnost Ljestvice za djecu različitoga roda i dobi. Korelacije pojedinih dimenzija i opće osjetljivosti na okolinu s osobinama ličnosti umjerene su i teorijski smislene. Ljestvicu je preporučljivo koristiti u budućim istraživanjima, iako su za pojedine podljestvice potrebna daljnja istraživanja. Primjena Ljestvice može doprinijeti povećanju znanja o učincima pozitivnih i negativnih čimbenika iz okoline na razvoj djece i adolescenata.
Environmental sensitivity refers to how readily one registers and how deeply one processes information from the environment. Individual differences in environmental sensitivity determine an individual’s reactions to positive and negative environmental influences. The role of environmental sensitivity in children’s development has been underresearched, in large part because the first direct measure of children’s environmental sensitivity has only recently been developed. The aim of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of this measure – the Highly Sensitive Child (HSC) Scale (Pluess et al., 2018) – in Croatia. As part of the project How are we? Life in Croatia in the age of Coronavirus, primary (N = 407) and secondary (N = 307) school-aged children completed the HSC Scale and the IPIP-15 via an online survey. The HSC Scale, a self-report measure of environmental sensitivity, demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity levels among Croatian children and adolescents. The scale has a bifactor structure and measures general environmental sensitivity and three specific dimensions: aesthetic sensitivity, low sensory threshold and ease of excitation. Partial measurement invariance for children of different genders and ages was confirmed. Correlations of subscales and general environmental sensitivity with personality traits are moderate and theoretically meaningful. The scale demonstrated good psychometric characteristics and is recommended for use in future research, although further research on the subscales is needed. Application of this scale can contribute to knowledge about the effects of positive and negative environmental influences on the development of children and adolescents.
Recently, a patient-reported experience measure (PREM) was developed in Slovenia to assess patients' experiences with outpatient specialist healthcare clinics. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...the psychometric properties (including factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and response distribution) of the questionnaire.
The sample consisted of 8,406 adult participants treated in 171 specialist clinics from different medical fields. Participants voluntarily and anonymously responded to either the paper or online survey.
Descriptive statistics show meaningful response patterns with a general tendency towards favourable assessments. The psychometric analyses of the scales evaluating doctor's and nurses' work, respectively, generally showed a good fit of the unidimensional factor model as well as the Rasch model, high factor loadings and very good to satisfactory reliability. The Rasch scaling showed that these scales were most informative for patients with relatively unfavourable experience ratings.
The results are similar to those found in previous evaluations of PREMs in other countries. Given its good psychometric properties, the Slovenian PREM can be recommended for healthcare evaluations in Slovenia and as a model for the development of similar PREMs in other countries.
The aim of this research was to identify the impact of store ambience on apparel consumer impulse purchase behaviour. In this paper, the influence of window display (WD), promotional offers (PO), ...store layout (SL), background music (BM) and fragrance of store (FOS) on consumer impulsive buying behaviour (IBB) for apparel was evaluated. The study was performed among 210 consumers in Delhi (NCR), at the DLF Mall of India, using a questionnaire developed based on existing literature. The research data was analysed using the factor analysis, and correlation and linear regression tests. According to the research findings, store features such as window display, promotional offers and fragrance have a significant effect on impulse purchase behaviour. The current study makes some suggestions for retailers to improve the ambience of their stores in order to boost impulse buying among apparel buyers.
Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su usmereni ka proveri faktorske strukture i proceni nekih metrijskih karakteristika srpske adaptacije Skale reakcija na ispitivanje. Pored toga, kreirana je i skraćena ...verzija skale, sa idejom da se na taj način popravi loš fit originalne verzije instrumenta, kao i da se skala učini ekonomičnijom za zadavanje. Uzorak istraživanja činilo je 300 prigodno odabranih studenata, prosečne starosti 22.73 godina. U konfirmatornoj faktorskoj analizi testiran je fit dva modela. Prvi je imao korelirane faktore prvog reda, dok je u drugi model uveden faktor drugog reda. Puna verzija skale imala je loš fit. Međutim, skraćena verzija skale (od po 5 ajtema u svakoj subskali) imala je odličan fit prvog modela (CFI = .96; RMSEA = .048) i neznatno slabiji fit drugog modela (CFI = .95; RMSEA = .055). Skraćena verzija skale sačuvala je zadovoljavajuće koeficijente interne konzistencije (.78 do .91 za subskale i .92 za celu skalu). Skraćena verzija skale pokazala je visoku konvergentnu validnost, kroz visoke korelacije sa Inventarom ispitne anksioznosti. Kao takva, skaćena verzija skale ima svoju upotrebnu vrednost, kako u istraživačkom tako i u obrazovnom kontekstu.
In the broadest sense, cosmopolitanism can be described as a belief and action in accordance with the view that all human beings belong to a unique world political community. However, such a ...simplified definition overlooks the multidimensionality of the concept. The term cosmopolitanism has been present in public discourse since ancient times and has carried different connotations throughout history, which contributes to its ambiguity. The preconditions for the development of cosmopolitanism in its present sense arose in the mid-20th century, after the world wars and the onset of new globalisation processes. Within the social sciences, a significant interest in a more specific definition and conceptualisation of cosmopolitanism emerged in the second half of the 20th century. However, numerous theoretical discussions since then have not yet offered such a definition of the concept. An additional problem lies in the fact that those theoretical discussions, which defined multiple aspects and types of cosmopolitanism, are not accompanied by a corresponding number of empirical research. By considering previous theoretical and empirical research on the topic, this paper aims to offer a clearer conceptualisation and operationalisation of cosmopolitanism, with the focus on constructing a valid instrument for its measurement.While it is difficult to offer a clear and unambiguous theoretical definition of cosmopolitanism, most researchers have moved in the direction of a clearer definition of certain aspects of the concept. There were a few attempts of such conceptualisation that have been met with wider acclamation, some of which were more complex and some simpler. Vertovec and Cohen (2002) established the most sophisticated conceptualisation by defining cosmopolitanism as a sociocultural condition, a philosophy or worldview, a political project, an attitude or disposition, and a practice or competence. With the aim of capturing multiple aspects of the concept, Boucher, Aubert and de Latour (2019) defined four types of cosmopolitanism: moral, institutional, civil and cultural. Furthermore, Delanty (2009) offered a different approach by distinguishing moral, political and cultural cosmopolitanism. The various definitions agree, however, on including the political and the cultural aspects of cosmopolitanism. Therefore, this paper is based on the robust typology offered by Hannerz (2006), which distinguishes between the cultural and political faces of cosmopolitanism. The author sees the political face of the concept as the one that tries to solve macro problems of human, economic, legal, environmental and other processes that transcend nation-state borders. Hannerz (2006) defines the cultural face as an identity characteristic of individuals who enjoy new cultures, people, tastes, sounds and the like. The cultural dimension of cosmopolitanism, which arises from the awareness and practices of individuals, is the focus of this research. It is important to mention that numerous researchers define certain types (banal, patriotic, thin, ordinary) of cosmopolitanism. However, it is questionable to what extent the determination of such types contributes to a clearer understanding of the concept, especially when they are defined solely on the basis of theoretical considerations.Before establishing the framework for the empirical research, it was important to clarify the source of contemporary cosmopolitanism. Most researchers link cosmopolitanism to globalisation processes. Beck and Sznaider (2010) explain globalisation as processes that take place “out there” in the world and define cosmopolitanism as “globalization from within”, a process that is closely related to globalisation but takes place within society. Such a connection becomes questionable when the terms glocalisation, which includes micro as well as macro processes, and segmented globalisation, which refers to the different dynamics by which globalisation occurs in places around the world, are introduced into the discourse. These concepts also suggest that all individuals involved in globalisation trends will express cosmopolitan views, which is not the case. On the other hand, Roudometof (2005) emphasises the link between cosmopolitanism and transnationalism, a view that is elaborated in this paper. The author defines the concept of transnationalism as a social condition that arises in the stage of internal globalisation and is not influenced by the emotions and attitudes of individuals but its most important feature is that it can stimulate individuals to develop an open attitude, that is, cosmopolitanism, or a defensive attitude towards differences.The lack of a clear theoretical definition of cosmopolitanism has influenced the disproportion between the theoretical considerations and empirical research of the concept. One part of the researchers used secondary data to examine attitudes about cosmopolitanism in a certain population. These studies have led to important insights, but they have not contributed to the creation of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring cosmopolitanism. Another problem with such research is that it is conducted using data that are focused on examining other concepts. One such example is the study by Olofsson and Öhman (2007), where the authors interpreted views contrary to nationalism as cosmopolitan views. The other part of empirical research on the subject of cosmopolitanism is focused on constructing an instrument for its measurement. While most such studies were conducted to explore a particular aspect of the concept, Saran and Kalliny (2012) offered an instrument to measure general cosmopolitan attitudes, values, and practices within a particular population. The authors first conducted interviews, the results of which were used to construct questions for the survey. After collecting survey data, the authors defined a valid and reliable, one-dimensional 14-item scale of cosmopolitanism by conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The findings of other authors pointed to the connection between cosmopolitanism and other concepts like transnational experiences, political orientation, and sociodemographic characteristics.The empirical part of this research aimed to define a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the presence of cosmopolitanism in a given population. For this purpose, the scale offered by Saran and Kalliny (2012) was used in a slightly modified form to further test its construct validity, reliability and applicability. The instrument was tested on the student population of the University of Zadar via an online survey in October 2020. In addition to the cosmopolitanism scale, the questionnaire contained questions about the number of countries the respondents had visited, the number of foreign languages they spoke, their political orientation, their support for general human rights and certain sociodemographic characteristics, with the purpose of testing the convergent validity of the instrument. In order to determine the metrics of the cosmopolitanism scale, bivariate (correlation analysis) and multivariate statistical procedures (exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis) were conducted in the statistical programming language R.First, exploratory factor analysis was performed on the cosmopolitanism scale with parallel analysis as a factor retention method, which extracted one 13-item factor with a high level of reliability (α=0.93). To examine the construct validity of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis was further performed, resulting in an acceptable goodness-of-fit. In order to define a scale that shows even better psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a reduced 6-item scale that Saran and Kalliny (2012) found to show stronger construct validity. Following their results, the 6-item scale showed even better goodness-of-fit (χ²=25, df=9, SRMR=0.05, RMSEA=0.09, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.91), and its factor scores were used in further analyses. Correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between the cosmopolitanism scale and transnational experiences and political views. It was found that respondents who express stronger cosmopolitan views speak more foreign languages, have visited a greater number of foreign countries, express stronger support for leftwing political options, and a stronger need to protect universal human rights, of which the latter correlation proved to be the highest. Lastly, multiple regression was conducted, where the cosmopolitanism scale factor scores served as the dependent variable and sociodemographic variables as predictors. The regression model confirmed the previous finding that women express stronger cosmopolitan attitudes than men.The results of the statistical analysis indicate a high level of reliability and validity of the reduced 6-item cosmopolitanism scale. On that basis, it can be stated that the scale serves as a valid instrument for measuring cosmopolitan attitudes within a population. The scope of the study is limited because it was conducted on a relatively homogeneous sample of the University of Zadar student population. In future research, the 6-item scale should be tested on a more heterogeneous sample which could indicate the applicability of the instrument to a wider population. Besides, in future research, it would be advisable to pay more attention to examining indicators and constructs related to cosmopolitanism, based on which clearer types of cosmopolitan could potentially be defined.
Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio provera konstrukt i konvergentne validnosti srpskog prevoda Skale socijalne podrške Studije medicinskih ishoda (MOS-SSS; The Medical Outcomes Study Social ...Support Survey: Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991). U Studiji 1 (N = 604, 74% žena, prosečna starost = 20.60 godina) ispitivana je konstrukt validnost skale korišćenjem konfirmativne faktorske analize. U Studiji 2 (N = 200, 52.5% žena, prosečna starost = 21.82 godina) je proverena konvergentna validnost skale, ispitivanjem povezanosti sa dva indikatora interpersonalnog funkcionisanja (opažena socijalna podrška i usamljenost) i tri indikatora blagostanja (zadovoljstvo životom, depresivnost, generalno blagostanje). Rezultati su pokazali da strukturu skale najbolje opisuje bifaktorski model, koji pretpostavlja jedan generalni faktor socijalne podrške i četiri specifična faktora socijalne podrške: Emocionalna/Informacijska, Praktična, Afekciona i Pozitivne socijalne interakcije. Rezultati bifaktorskog modela su pokazali da generalni faktor objašnjava najveći procenat ukupne (44.3%) i zajedničke varijanse (69.6%) socijalne podrške, dok specifični faktori objašnjavaju mali procenat ukupne (od 3.7% do 7.0%) i zajedničke varijanse (od 5.9% do 11%). Analiza pouzdanosti (omega-hijerarhijski koeficijent) pokazuje da je moguće pouzdano interpretirati samo ukupan skor na skali, a da je računanje skorova po subskalama neopravdano. Skala je pokazala odličnu konvergentnu validnost, koju potvrđuje visoka korelacija sa drugom merom socijalne podrške, i umerene korelacije sa usamljenošću i pokazateljima blagostanja. Nalazi ovog istraživanja podržavaju upotrebu skale MOS-SSS kao instrumenta koji omogućava validnu i pouzdanu procenu generalne socijalne podrške kod mladih osoba.
Od alfe do omege i natrag Vasić, Aleksandar; Šarčević, Dušana
Primenjena psihologija (Online),
09/2013, Volume:
6, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Koeficijent α, poznat i kao koeficijent interne konzistencije, jedna je od najčešće korišćenih i istovremeno najviše zloupotrebljavanih procena pouzdanosti kompozitnih mernih instrumenata ili ...testova. Za tumačenje rezultata dobijenih primenom nekog psihološkog testa najvažnija zloupotreba koeficijenta α je pogrešno zaključivanje o njegovoj zadovoljavajućoj pouzdanosti i homogenosti ili jednodimenzionalnosti. Jedan izvor ovakve vrste zloupotrebe proizilazi iz same definicije koeficijenta α kao procene pouzdanosti tipa interne konzistencije. Drugi razlog ovakvoj zloupotrebi nalazi se u nedovoljnom poznavanju razlika u poimanju i definicijama pouzdanosti, homogenosti i valjanosti između klasičnog modela merenja i njegove usavršene verzije, faktorskoanalitičkog modela merenja. Zbog toga su već duže u opticaju i alternativni predlozi, kao što je koeficijent ω koji predstavlja bolju procenu pouzdanosti, homogenosti i valjanosti pod Spearmanovim konfirmatornim jednofaktorskim modelom. Na osnovu podataka nastalih primenom jednog instrumenta putem elementarne algebre, demonstrirane su i upoređene procene koeficijenata α i ω. Rezultati ovih, kao i drugih analiza, govore da je povoljna procena α neophodan, ali ne i dovoljan razlog za zaključak o pouzdanosti i homogenosti testa. Da bi se o tome moglo utemeljeno zaključivati, potrebne su dodatne procene kao što je ω, zajedno sa procenama saglasnosti modela sa podacima, pogotovo u onim, za ovakvu vrstu instrumenata, čestim slučajevima koji zahtevaju proveru jednofaktorskog modela merenja.
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