This study integrates the JD-R model and work-family interaction theories to examine the antecedents and consequences of work engagement components, including work attention and work absorption. ...Specifically, we assess the relationships between work-family climate for sacrifice, work-family climate for sharing, work attention, work absorption, work-family conflict, work-family affective enrichment and turnover intentions. We find that both work-family climate for sacrifice and work-family climate for sharing increase employees' work attention, which in turn, relates to elevated work-family conflict and higher turnover intentions. However, work-family climate for sharing also relates to more work absorption and ultimately to higher work-family affective enrichment and fewer turnover intentions. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
This study used data on couples from the 2003 Spanish Time Use Survey (N = 1,416) to analyze how work schedules are associated with family, couple, parent–child, and non-family leisure activities. ...Spain is clearly an interesting case for the institutionalized split-shift schedule, a long lunch break rooted in the traditional siesta that splits the workday between morning and evening. Results showed strong negative associations between the split shift and both family and parent–child activities. The evening shift was negatively associated with couple and family time, but not with parent–child time. Women spent much more time than men in parent–child activities for all work categories, and they were more responsive to the spouse's work hours. Men were substantially more active than women in non-family leisure, considering both individuals' and their spouses' work schedules. Altogether, this study has important implications for scientific and public policy debates.
This investigation examined whether intergenerational exchanges of time and money resources between older parents and their adult sons in rural China were conditioned on sons' migration status. Data ...derived from 2001 and 2003 waves of a longitudinal study of 1,126 parents, aged 60 and older, living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China, and their 2,724 adult sons. Random-effects regression analysis showed that marginal financial returns to parents of providing grandchild care services and financial assistance were greater from migrant sons than from nonmigrant sons. We explain these results in terms of strategic investments in the earning potential of migrant sons and the bargaining power wielded by grandparents who care for dependent children of migrants.
The ways in which marital relationships (MR) affect parent-child relationships (PCR) vary from day-to-day and differ from one family to another. The day-to-day fluctuations of MR-PCR associations and ...the between-family differences, however, have been largely overlooked in the literature. Using daily diary data from 152 mother-father couples (with a 7- to 17-year-old child) across three consecutive years, we identified typologies based on parents' daily relational dynamics and examined the association between family typologies and child adjustment. State space grids of daily relationship quality (i.e., MR and PCR) were constructed for each parent at each wave of assessment. Grid-sequence analysis was subsequently conducted to identify multiple family typologies, including cohesive, fluctuating cohesive, spillover, compensatory, and moderate relationship typologies. Some typologies changed over the years and differed for fathers and mothers (e.g., the compensatory typology). Child adjustment problems were the highest in children from families with poor MR and PCR quality (i.e., the spillover typology). Overall, our results evince the heterogeneous nature of family relationship dynamics and the developmental implications of these typologies. For practitioners and therapists who work with families, our findings highlight the value of improving marital and parent-child relationship quality in promoting positive child outcomes.
Objective
This is the first national study to examine disparities in loneliness and social relationships by sexual orientation in late adulthood in the United States.
Background
Prior studies have ...shown that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals often struggle with social relationships across the life course, likely because of stigma related to sexual orientation. However, little is known about whether loneliness is more prevalent among LGB people than among other groups in late adulthood, and if so, which relationships contribute to the loneliness
gap.
Method
We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of older adults from the 2015–2016 National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 3,567) to examine the disparity in loneliness by sexual orientation and identify links between this disparity and multiple dimensions of social relationships, including partner, family, friend, and community relationships.
Results
Older LGB adults were significantly lonelier than their heterosexual counterparts, primarily due to a lower likelihood of having a partner and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of family support and greater friend strain. While they were also disadvantaged in the size of close family and frequency of community participation, these factors were less relevant to their loneliness. Overall, the conventionally defined inner layers of relationships (partnership and family) contributed more to the loneliness disparity than the outer layers of relationships (friends and community).
Conclusion
These findings suggest that strengthening the partnerships and family relationships of sexual minorities is essential to reducing the loneliness gap.
We document changes in U.S. children's family household composition from 1968 to 2017 with regard to the number and types of kin that children lived with and the frequency of family members' ...household entrances and departures. Data are from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (
= 30,412). Children experienced three decades of increasing instability and diversification in household membership, arriving at a state of “stable complexity” in the most recent decade. Stable complexity is distinguished by a decline in the number of coresident parents; a higher number of stepparents, grandparents, and other relatives in children's households; and less turnover in household membership compared with prior decades, including fewer sibling departures. College-educated households with children were consistently the most stable and least diverse. On several dimensions, household composition has become increasingly similar for non-Hispanic Black and White children. Children in Hispanic households are distinct in having larger family sizes and more expected household entrances and departures by coresident kin.
During the recent COVID‐19 outbreak in Spain, we explored the individual and relational well‐being of people confined together with their partners and/or children during the first 3 weeks of ...state‐regulated lockdown. Adults 18 years or older (N = 407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State‐Trait Anxiety and Beck Depression) and relationship functioning—either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and coparental functions. Qualitative analyses of responses to an open‐ended question about perceived changes in couple or family dynamics during lockdown revealed nine specific themes comprising two overarching categories: relational improvement and deterioration. The overall prevalence of improvement themes (61.7%) exceeded deterioration themes (41.0%), with increased (re)connection and conflict atmosphere cited most often. Quantitative analyses found elevated levels of state anxiety but not trait anxiety or depression during lockdown. Consistent with the qualitative results, couples having no children at home reported high levels of dyadic adjustment, but with children present CERFB parental functioning exceeded conjugal functioning, a pattern sometimes associated with child triangulation into adult conflicts. Although correlates of psychological distress (e.g., unemployment, perceived economic risk) were relatively stable across subgroups, predictors of relationship functioning varied substantially with household/parental status (e.g., telecommuting and employment facilitated conjugal functioning only for couples with children).
ResumenDurante el reciente brote de la COVID‐19 en España, analizamos el bienestar individual y relacional de las personas confinadas con sus parejas o hijos durante las primeras tres semanas de confinamiento regulado por el estado. Un grupo de adultos mayores de 18 años (N=407) completó una encuesta con datos demográficos, información sobre la vivienda y el empleo, evaluaciones estandarizadas de distrés psicológico (ansiedad‐rasgo y ansiedad‐estado, depresión de Beck) y funcionamiento familiar (la Escala de ajuste diádico si no había niños en la vivienda o un Cuestionario básico de evaluación de las relaciones familiares (CERFB) que miden las funciones conyugales, parentales y coparentales. Los análisis cualitativos de las respuestas a una pregunta abierta acerca de los cambios percibidos en la dinámica de pareja o familiar durante el confinamiento revelaron nueve temas específicos que comprenden dos categorías dominantes: la mejora y el deterioro relacional. La prevalencia general de los temas de mejora (61.7 %) excedió los temas de deterioro (41.0 %), y se mencionó con más frecuencia una mayor (re)conexión y un ambiente de conflicto. Los análisis cuantitativos indicaron niveles elevados de ansiedad‐estado pero no de ansiedad‐rasgo ni de depresión durante el confinamiento. De acuerdo con los resultados cualitativos, las parejas que no tienen hijos en la casa informaron niveles altos de ajuste diádico, pero con los niños presentes, el funcionamiento parental del CERFB excedió el funcionamiento conyugal, un patrón asociado a veces con la triangulación de los niños en los conflictos de los adultos. Aunque las relaciones de distrés psicológico (p. ej.: desempleo, riesgo económico percibido) fueron relativamente estables entre los subgrupos, los predictores del funcionamiento relacional variaron considerablemente con la situación habitacional/parental (p. ej: el teletrabajo y el empleo facilitaron el funcionamiento conyugal solo en el caso de las parejas con niños).
摘要最近在COVID‐19新冠肺炎爆发期间的西班牙，我们探索了在国家管控封城禁足的头三个星期里，在人们与其伴侣和/或儿童一起被关闭起来的情况下，个体的健康状况和关系的健康情况。407位18岁或以上的成年人(N=407) 完成了一项在线调查，内容包括人口、家庭和就业信息，还有标准化的心理困扰量表(状态‐特质焦虑、贝克抑郁)以及关系功能‐‐‐‐如果家庭中没有儿童，则采用二分调整量表，或者基本家庭关系评估问卷(CERFB)测量夫妻、父母和共同父母的功能。本研究对一个开放式问题的回答作了定性分析，结果揭示了9个特定的主题，两个大的类别即关系得到改善和关系走向恶化两种。使用的问题是关于伴侣关系方面或家庭互动方面发生的可觉察变化。关系有改善的主题占了主导，达测量对象的61.7%，超过了关系有所恶化的主题(占41.0%)，其中最常提到的是相互之间的（重新）连接增强了 ，还有更多的冲突情况。定量分析研究发现，在管制禁闭期间，情绪状态型的焦虑水平升高，但生理特质性焦虑或生理性抑郁的水平没有升高。与定性研究结果相一致的是，没有孩子的家庭报告了高水平的二元适应，但有孩子的情况下，问卷中归纳出的为人父母的功能超过了配偶的功能，这种模式有时和儿童构成的三角关系演变成成人冲突。虽然心理压力的相关因素(如失业、感知到的经济风险)在各个亚群体中相对稳定，但关系功能的预测因素因家庭/父母现状而显著不同(例如，远程办公和就业促进的婚姻功能仅适用于有孩子的夫妇)。
Although several methods have been developed to allow for the analysis of data in the presence of missing values, no clear guide exists to help family researchers in choosing among the many options ...and procedures available. We delineate these options and examine the sensitivity of the findings in a regression model estimated in three random samples from the National Survey of Families and Households (n = 250-2,000). These results, combined with findings from simulation studies, are used to guide answers to a set of 10 common questions asked by researchers when selecting a missing data approach. Modern missing data techniques were found to perform better than traditional ones, but differences between the types of modern approaches had minor effects on the estimates and substantive conclusions. Our findings suggest that the researcher has considerable flexibility in selecting among modern options for handling missing data.
Family researchers have long recognized the utility of incorporating interview data from multiple family members. Yet, relatively few contemporary scholars utilize such an approach due to ...methodological underdevelopment. This article contributes to family scholarship by providing a roadmap for developing and executing in‐depth interview studies that include more than one family member. Specifically, it outlines the epistemological frames that most commonly underlie this approach, illustrates thematic research questions that it best addresses, and critically reviews the best methodological practices of conducting research with this approach. The three most common approaches are addressed in depth: separate interviews with each family member, dyadic or group interviews with multiple family members, and a combined approach that uses separate and dyadic or group interviews. This article speaks to family scholars who are at the beginning stages of their research project but are unsure of the best qualitative approach to answer a given research question.
Durante mucho tiempo los investigadores de la familia han reconocido la utilidad de incorporar datos de entrevistas a varios miembros de la familia. Sin embargo, relativamente pocos investigadores contemporáneos utilizan dicho enfoque debido al subdesarrollo metodológico. Este artículo contribuye a ampliar los conocimientos sobre la familia proporcionando una hoja de ruta para el desarrollo y la ejecución de estudios profundos de entrevistas que incluyen a más de un familiar. Específicamente, se describen los marcos epistemológicos que más comúnmente forman las bases de este enfoque, se ejemplifican las preguntas temáticas de investigación que mejor se responden y se revisan de forma crítica las mejores prácticas metodológicas de la realización de una investigación con este enfoque. Se abordan en profundidad los tres enfoques más comunes: entrevistas individuales con cada familiar, entrevistas diádicas o grupales con varios familiares y un enfoque combinado que utiliza entrevistas individuales y diádicas o grupales. Este artículo se dirige a los investigadores de la familia que se encuentran en las etapas iniciales de su proyecto de investigación pero no están seguros de cuál es el mejor método cualitativo para responder una pregunta de investigación determinada.
家庭研究人员早已认可将多名家庭成员的访谈数据整合起来的效用。然而,由于方法上的不足,当代学者鲜少使用这种方法。本文为制定和施行包括多名家庭成员的深度访谈研究提供路线图从而对家庭研究作出贡献。具体而言,本文概述了此种方法最常见的认识论框架,阐明了它最适合探讨的研究主题,并评述了以此种方法进行研究的最佳方法论实践。本文深入探讨三种最常见的方法:对每一名家庭成员进行单独访谈、与多名家庭成员进行两人组或小组访谈,以及既进行单独访谈又进行两人或小组访谈的综合法。本文针对处于研究项目早期阶段,但还不太肯定以何种最佳定性方法回答某一研究问题的家庭研究者。
A daughter of freed African American slaves, Daisy Turner became a living repository of history. The family narrative entrusted to her--"a well-polished artifact, an heirloom that had been carefully ...preserved"--began among the Yoruba in West Africa and continued with her own century and more of life. In 1983, folklorist Jane Beck began a series of interviews with Turner, then one hundred years old and still relating four generations of oral history. Beck uses Turner's storytelling to build the Turner family saga, using at its foundation the oft-repeated touchstone stories at the heart of their experiences: the abduction into slavery of Turner's African ancestors; Daisy's father Alec Turner learning to read; his return as a soldier to his former plantation to kill the overseer; and Daisy's childhood stand against racism. Other stories re-create enslavement and her father's life in Vermont--in short, the range of life events large and small, transmitted by means so alive as to include voice inflections. Beck, at the same time, weaves in historical research and offers a folklorist's perspective on oral history and the hazards--and uses--of memory.
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