The present study was designed to estimate the effect of carrots supplementation on reproductive performance in ewes. Thirty Awassi ewes. Ewes were randomly divided into three equal groups, ...distributed as 10 ewes for each group. First group consider as control, second group feed 400 g carrot/animal daily, third group feed 800 g carrot/animal daily. Each group were synchronized with intra vaginal sponges and injected with 400 IU of eCG at the time of sponge withdrawal. Estrus ewes were conceived naturally with rams and pregnant ewes were followed until parturition. The results of current study demonstrated that G3 had high estrus response and fertility rate 90% compared with G2 and control 80 and 70% respectively. Fecundity rate increased significant in G3 200% compared to G2 and 125 and 100% respectively. Ewes in G3 showed the highest multiple lambing rate 66.67% compared with G2 25% and control 0%. Blood progesterone concentration was high increasing at the 18th day of estrus in the ewes for G3 and G2 compared with control, also, estrogen level at the day of estrus showed high increasing in G3 compared with G2 and control group. We concluded that carrots fed as a supplementation have essential effect on enhancement of reproductive performance in ewes.
Within the efforts in the search for novel feed ingredients in aquaculture, macroalgae are being widely explored due to their diversity of bioactive compounds with considerable prophylactic and ...therapeutic potential. Plocamium cartilagineum and Sargassum vulgare, have the potential to positively impact fish health, mainly due to their antioxidant properties. The production of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) still faces some constraints due to the low sperm quantity and quality of males from captivity, which is highly affected by oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the scavenger ability of P. cartilagineum and S. vulgare could ameliorate the reproductive performance of Senegalese sole males, once incorporated in the broodstock feeds. In this experiment, broodstock groups were fed with three different formulated experimental diets for 60 days: Control (Ctrl), a diet supplemented with 5% P. cartilagineum (Pc), and a diet supplemented with 5% S. vulgare (Sv). Fish were sampled twice to evaluate sperm quality using different techniques: sperm motility by Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) software, and cell viability and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by flow cytometer. At the final sampling, 6 fish per treatment were sacrificed and gonads were extracted to determine the relative expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic genes (bcl2b, bcl-x, mcl1b, badb, bax, boka), and genes involved in fish antioxidant system (sod3, cat, gpx, hsp70). Sex steroids were measured on blood plasma by ELISA. Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency were also evaluated at the end of the experiment. Senegalese sole breeders fed with Pc diet for 60 days showed enhanced sperm total motility and cell viability at the end of the experiment, when compared with the Ctrl diet. On the other hand, fish fed with Sv diet had lower spermatozoa intracellular ROS and upregulated gpx in the gonads. No differences were obtained in levels of sex steroids and gonadal apoptotic system after 60 days of feeding, however, the macroalgae species and the percentages of incorporation used proved to positively modulate different spermatozoa traits.
•Macroalgae-supplemented diets modulate different Senegalese sole sperm traits.•5% Plocamium cartilagineum meal improved spermatozoa total motility and viability.•5% Sargassum vulgare meal improved gonadal and sperm antioxidant system.•The macroalgae antioxidant proprieties can mitigate fish sperm oxidative processes.
Mealworms (
) have a great potential to serve as a sustainable food source for humans due to their favorable nutrient profile and low environmental impact. Feed formulation and optimization are ...important for mealworm production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh plant materials-supplemented diets on the growth performance and nutritional value of mealworms. Mealworm larvae were grown on wheat bran or wheat bran enriched with carrot, orange, or red cabbage for four weeks. Larval and pupal survival, growth rate, pupating rate, duration of pupal stage, proximate composition, reducing power, metal chelating activity, and radical scavenging activity of the mealworms were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with fresh plant materials did not result in significant changes in mealworm survival, development, proximate composition, or antioxidant activities. However, mealworm larvae fed on carrot-, orange-, and red cabbage-supplemented diets had improved growth rates, and were 40%-46% heavier in week four than those fed on wheat bran only, indicating the supplementation resulted in an increased production efficiency of mealworm larvae. Our findings may help optimize the diet formulation for mealworm mass production.
Crude ethanolic extract from Terminalia catappa L. leaves was investigated for its ability to interfere with biofilm formation of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)-causing and a ...reference Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains and modulate the immune response of Penaeus vannamei shrimp postlarvae. Results showed that biofilms formed by both AHPND-causing and reference strains of V. parahaemolyticus were rendered susceptible to dispersal upon treatment with the sublethal concentration of the extract. Furthermore, results of the qPCR analyses showed upregulation of six immune-related genes after 7 and 14 d of feeding. Pre-infection survival rates equivalent to the shrimp fed with un-supplemented feed suggest that T. catappa extract is safe for shrimp consumption. Upon infection with the AHPND strain, V. parahaemolyticus R1, the survival rate of the treatment group was 77% - significantly greater than those fed with un-supplemented feed. Similarly, those fed with T. catappa-supplemented feed and subsequently infected with V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802 had a 93% survival rate, which is as high as the uninfected control group. These results ultimately indicate that feed supplementation with T. catappa increases the survival rate of the shrimp, possibly via attenuation of V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis and stimulation of the shrimp's immune response against infections.
•Terminalia catappa L. extract rendered the pre-formed biofilms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus more susceptible to dispersal.•Immune-related genes of Penaeus vannamei were differentially-expressed after being feed supplementation with T. catappa.•T. catappa supplementation does not negatively affect the growth indices and pre-infection survival rate of P. vannamei.•T. catappa extract increased the survival rate of P. vannamei postlarvae against the two V. parahaemolyticus strains.•T. catappa is suitable as shrimp feed supplement.
In the last few decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a worldwide concern. The excessive use of antibiotics affects animal and human health. In the last few years, livestock production has ...used antibiotics as food supplementation. This massive use can be considered a principal factor in the accelerated development of genetic modifications in bacteria. These modifications are responsible for AMR and can be widespread to pathogenic and commensal bacteria. In addition, these antibiotic residues can be dispersed by water and sewer water systems, the contamination of soil and, water and plants, in addition, can be stocked in tissues such as muscle, milk, eggs, fat, and others. These residues can be spread to humans by the consumption of water or contaminated food. In addition, studies have demonstrated that antimicrobial resistance may be developed by vertical and horizontal gene transfer, producing a risk to public health. Hence, the World Health Organization in 2000 forbid the use of antibiotics for feed supplementation in livestock. In this context, to obtain safe food production, one of the potential substitutes for traditional antibiotics is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In general, AMPs present anti-infective activity, and in some cases immune response. A limited number of AMP-based drugs are now available for use in animals and humans. This use is still not widespread due to a few problems like
effectiveness, stability, and high cost of production. This review will elucidate the different AMPs applications in animal diets, in an effort to generate safe food and control AMR.
Vibriosis, including the luminescent shrimp disease and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), with Vibrio harveyi as one of their causative agents, is a major shrimp disease causing huge ...economic losses in the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. It is induced through the formation of biofilm as a result of bacterial cell-to-cell communication or quorum sensing (QS). Hence, this mechanism may be used as a target for bioactive compounds in controlling V. harveyi infections in shrimp. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CE) and crude alkaloids (CA) from Ikmo (Piper betle L.), a plant native to Southeast Asia, were observed to significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit biofilm formation of wild-type strains V. harveyi VH0, VH1 and BAA-1116 in chitosan-coated microtiter plates without inhibiting their growth. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed thinner biofilms formed upon treatment with both extracts. Furthermore, both CE and CA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited bioluminescence in QS reference strain V. harveyi BAA-1116 and was found to interfere with QS by modulating autoinducer (AI) activities as observed in both phenotypic and gene expression analyses. Both extracts also did not negatively affect shrimp growth and pre-infection mortality rate. Despite the in vitro results however, in vivo analysis showed that only P. betle CE, when supplemented to shrimp feed, protected Penaeus vannamei postlarvae against V. harveyi infection after seven days. These suggest the potential supplementation of shrimp feed with P. betle crude extract as protection against Vibriosis.
•Piper betle inhibited biofilm formation of Vibrio harveyi without growth inhibition.•Phenotypic assays showed P. betle modulated AI-1 and AI-2 pathways of V. harveyi QS.•Gene expression analyses revealed specific targets of P. betle on V. harveyi QS.•P. betle crude extract (CE) protected Penaeus vannamei postlarvae from V. harveyi.•P. betle CE may be used as shrimp feed supplement.
•Bioactive compounds feed’s supplementation improves the derived product quality.•Some bioactive compounds are easily degraded and confer unpleasant taste to feeds.•Microencapsulation offers the ...possibility to protect sensitive compounds.•Microencapsulation increases the bioavailability and mask the compounds taste.
Microencapsulation is a technology that has increasing application in animal nutrition. This technology provides the possibility to protect sensitive compounds through the feed process and the storage conditions. Furthermore, the application of this technique affords the possibility to increase the bioavailability of compounds and to mask the unpalatable compounds taste. Different are the compounds to consider for microencapsulation include certain vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids and live microorganisms. Understanding the interdependence between bioactive compounds, coating, technology and environment is the key to successful application of microencapsulation also in animal nutrition. In this review, a focus on the use of microencapsulated bioactive compounds for the feed supplementation and the related effects on the derivate animal product is given.
The use of Tetraselmis chui to produce sole feed ingredient and the recovery of nutrients from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) aquaculture facility was studied. The microalga was cultured in ...a pilot-scale (6 m3) outdoor raceway reactor located in a sole production plant. First, the growth of the microalgae, the addition of phosphorus and the quality of the resulting water were studied. It was possible to cultivate in semi-continuous mode T. chui using the purge stream of a RAS, obtaining productivities of 15 mg L−1 d−1, and reaching 36 mg L−1 d−1 when phosphorus was added. In terms of water quality of the effluent, the pollutants concentration were below discharge limits (suspended solids and total dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon) —directive 91/271/EEC. In the case of Vibrio sp., the concentration in the culture water at the end of the experiments remained below typical environmental concentrations (<100 CFU mL−1). After harvesting, the biomass quality was analysed, being the microalgae produced in semi-continuous using phosphorus-enriched RAS remarkably similar to commercial T. chui. Biomass of T. chui was used in a sole feeding trial to supplement feeds (0, 10 and 20 % inclusion). Adding 10 and 20 % T. chui to the feed reduced the original raw material in fishmeal by 15 and 25 % without altering the gross composition. No significant differences were found in the pre-fattening test of Solea senegalensis in growth and fillet composition using the experimental feed with 20 % of T. chui. Finally, immune activity increased significantly in diets containing >10 % microalgae.
Display omitted
•The culture of T. chui in open raceways using fish farm streams was carried out.•The microalgae cultivation produced water of discharge quality.•The biomass produced could partially replace fish meal in fish feed.•The addition of 20 % microalgae does not affect fish growth or fillet quality.•Immunological activity in sole increased with microalgae biomass supplemented feed.
This study investigated the effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus sakei HS-1 (HK-LS HS-1) on the health and fecal bacteriological change of suckling Japanese Black calves as a supplement in milk ...replacers. Twelve calves were separated from dams to calf-hatch after calving for milk replacers feeding. They were randomly assigned to an HK-LS HS-1 supplement or a control without HK-LS HS-1 group in milk replacers. HK-LS HS-1 was administered from separation day to 3 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were examined. Two calves with a haptoglobin concentration of >500 μg/ml on day 0 were excluded from the experiment, and 10 calves were finally included. Glucose and vitamin A levels on day 7 were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the supplement group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in haptoglobin or serum amyloid A between the groups. The number of Escherichia coli in feces was lower in the control group than in the supplement group on day 21 (P=0.06). No difference was observed in the number of bifidobacteria, but that of lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the supplement group on day 21. The number of medications administered was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the supplement group (5.2 ± 3.9) than in the control group (10.6 ± 5.9) during the experimental period. The results indicated that HK-LS HS-1 is potentially beneficial for improving intestinal microbes and reducing the number of medical treatments.
PDF
