Pozadina istraživanja. Niske temperature tijekom skladištenja uzrokuju oštećenja ploda šljive (Prunus domestica L.), stoga je od interesa obraditi ih na način da se ublaže ti simptomi. Iz tog razloga ...smo šljive sorte „Stanley“ tretirali fenilalaninom. Glavna je svrha ovog istraživanja bila ispitati utjecaj vanjske primjene fenilalanina na kakvoću ploda, toleranciju na niske temperature i antioksidacijski kapacitet šljive sorte „Stanley“ tijekom skladištenja pri niskim temperaturama. Rezultati i zaključci. Obrada fenilalaninom povećala je antioksidacijski kapacitet i aktivnost enzima fenilalanin-amonij-lijaza (PAL), što je znatno ublažilo oštećenja ploda šljive pri niskim temperaturama. Voće tretirano fenilalaninom imalo je veće masene udjele askorbinske kiseline, antocijanina, flavonoida i fenola, te veću antioksidacijsku aktivnost od kontrolnih uzoraka tijekom skladištenja pri niskim temperaturama. Fenilalanin pri koncentraciji od 7,5 mM je u najvećoj mjeri povećao aktivnost PAL i akumulaciju fenolnih spojeva, te umanjio oštećenja ploda pri niskim temperaturama. Obradom fenilalaninom usporen je gubitak mase i održana čvrstoća ploda. Osim toga, povećala se aktivnost antioksidacijskih enzima (superoksid dismutaze, katalaze i askorbat peroksidaze), smanjila akumulacija vodikovog peroksida, te povećao udjel prolina. Uz to, fenilalanin je očuvao integritet stanične stijenke, što se očitovalo u smanjenju gubitka elektrolita i akumulacije malondialdehida. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. U ovom je radu utvrđena pozitivna korelacija između oštećenja pri niskim temperaturama i aktivnosti PAL i antioksidacijskih enzima. Međutim, opažena je negativna korelacija između oštećenja pri niskim temperaturama i masenog udjela askorbinske kiseline te antioksidacijskog kapaciteta. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate, možemo zaključiti da obrada fenilalaninom može ublažiti oštećenja plodova i očuvati kakvoću šljiva tijekom skladištenja pri niskim temperaturama.
Abstract
Objectives
Inborn errors of metabolism are generally autosomal recessive inherited disorders. The incidence and genetic features of neonatal metabolic disorders vary significantly by regions ...and populations. In this study, we aimed to determine the amino acid metabolism disorders and evaluate the genetic test results of these patients retrospectively.
Methods
The blood samples collected from heel blood and dried on filter cards in the neonatal screening program, were analyzed for amino acid metabolism disorders by (LC)-MS/MS method. Patients with suspected metabolic diseases were diagnosed with NGS method.
Results
Amino acid metabolism disorders were detected in 66 of 2,104 patients who were screened for suspected neonatal metabolic disorders. Sixty-two of 66 patients were diagnosed with phenylketonuria, the rest of them were diagnosed with tyrosinemia type I, arginosuccinate lyase deficiency, citrullinemia type 1 and Maple Tree syrup disease. The most common PAH gene mutations were c.1208C>T (A403V).
Conclusion
Phenylketonuria was the most common disease among amino acid metabolism disorders in Şanlıurfa. There were different allele frequencies compared to the PAH mutations reported in previous studies. This may be due to the different characteristics of the populations and also the high rate of consanguineous marriage in our region.
Abstract
Objectives
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
(
Aiton.
)
Hassk.
(
R. tomentosa
) is rich in nutrients and has multiple pharmacological applications. Anthocyanins confer color to the flowers and berries ...of
R. tomentosa
and provide protection against photodamage. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (
DFR
) and phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (
PAL
) are crucial for anthocyanin synthesis.
Methods
DFR
and
PAL
transcript levels and anthocyanin content in the pigmented organs of
R. tomentosa
were investigated through qRT-PCR analysis and spectrophotometry, respectively. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (
GAPDH
) gene was selected as the reference gene for the normalization of
DFR
and
PAL
transcript levels.
Results
Transcript levels of
DFR
and
PAL
were higher in organs with vigorous metabolism than those in senescent organs.
DFR
and
PAL
transcript levels were up-regulated during the initial and middle-maturity periods of fruit. These expression patterns are consistent with fruit color development. The highest transcript levels of
PAL
and
DFR
were observed during the middle-maturity period or the red-fruit period.
Conclusion
During the late maturity period of
R. tomentosa
fruit, the transcript levels of the two genes were down-regulated even though anthocyanins were continuously accumulated, which was different from the accumulation of anthocyanins in some late mature fruits.
Photosynthesis and antioxidant defense system were investigated under chilling stress without (Ch, 25-4 °C) and with acclimation (AcCh, 14-4 °C) in winter (Sabalan) and spring (Zagros) wheat ...(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II and CO2 assimilation rate decreased in AcCh ‘Zagros’ but not in ‘Sabalan’, and in contrast, an increase in non-photochemical quenching was observed in ‘Sabalan’ but not in ‘Zagros’. Reduction of leaf starch content was observed in both cultivars while total soluble carbohydrates increased only in ‘Sabalan’ under both Ch and AcCh treatments. Activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly higher in Ch plants and activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase was slightly higher in Ch and AcCh plants of both cultivars compared with control. Activity of peroxidase increased in Ch and AcCh plants of ‘Zagros’ while phenylalanine ammoialyase (PAL) activity increased in AcCh ‘Sabalan’. Increase in the leaf content of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) was more prominent in ‘Zagros’ than in 'Sabalan'. According to our results, chilling tolerance in winter cultivar was associated with greater thermal dissipation, higher soluble carbohydrates content, greater PAL activity and lower H2O2 and MDA content. Furthermore, acclimated plants were not more protected against chilling injury compared with non-acclimated ones.
Fotosinteza in antioksidantna obramba sta bili raziskovani v razmerah hladnega stresa brez aklimatizacije (Ch, 25-4 °C) in z aklimatizacijo (AcCh, 14-4 °C) pri ozimni pšenici Triticum aestivum L. (cv. Sabalan) in jari pšenici (cv. Zagros). Maksimalna učinkovitost fotosistema II in asimilacije CO2 sta se zmanjšali pri AcCh za ‘Zagros’, toda ne pri kultivarju ‘Sabalan’. Nasprotno od tega se je povečalo nefotokemično gašenje pri kultivarju ‘Sabalan’, a ne pri ‘Zagros’. Pri obeh kultivarjih je bilo ugotovljeno manj škroba v listih, medtem ko se je vsebnost celokupnih topnih ogljikovodikov povečala pri ‘Sabalan’ pri obeh tretiranjih, Ch in AcCh. Aktivnost superoksidne dismutase je bila značilno večja pri rastlinah Ch, aktivnost askorbatne peroksidaze in katalaze je bila pri obeh kultivarjih malo višja pri razmerah Ch in AcCh v primerjavi s kontrolo. Aktivnost peroksidaze se je povečala pri rastlinah Ch in AcCh pri kultivarju ‘Zagros’ medtem ko se je aktivnost fenilalanin ammoialiase (PAL) povečala pri AcCh cv. ‘Sabalan’. Povečanje koncentracije H2O2 in malondialdehida (MDA) je bilo bolj izrazito pri kultivarju ‘Zagros’ v primerjavi s kultivarjem ‘Sabalan’. Glede na naše rezultate je toleranca na mraz pri ozimnem kultivarju povečana z večjim termalnim trošenjem in večjo vsebnostjo večjih topnih ogljikovodikov. Odpornost na mraz je pri ozimnih kultivarjih povezana z večjo aktivnostjo PAL ter nižjo vsebnostjo H2O2 in MDA. Nadalje, aklimatizirane rastline niso bile nič bolje zaščitene pred poškodbami zaradi mraza v primerjavi z neaklimatiziranimi.
Studies were undertaken for induction of resistance against acute ozone exposure in Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz.
plants using ozone. Callus induced from Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf explants on ...Murashige & Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented
with 3.40 μM of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) were treated with different concentrations of ozone (T1 = 1.0 μmol mol-1
(±0.2), T2 = 1.5 μmol mol-1 (±0.2), T3 = 2.0 μmol mol-1 (±0.2)), and for the control (C) filtered air was supplied. Regeneration
of shoots was obtained by culturing ozone-treated calli on MS medium supplemented with 5.57 μM of kinetin (KIN) and 1.30 μM
of gibberellic acid (GA3). The frequency of regeneration of shoots from the callus was T1 = 60%, T2 = 49%, T3 = 32%, but for the
control 81% regeneration was obtained. Regenerated shoots were rooted in half-strength MS medium containing 4.92 μM of indole-
3 butyric acid (IBA) and successfully acclimatised. The seedlings regenerated from ozone treated calli are referred to as T1, T2 and
T3 seedlings and the seedlings regenerated from filtered air-treated callus are referred to as control seedlings. T1 seedlings hold
remarkably more total soluble phenol content than T2 and T3 compared to the control seedlings. T1 seedlings developed more
resistance to withstand acute ozone exposure by increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and possessed more chlorophyll
pigments and decreased H2O2 content relative to T2 and T3 seedlings compared to control seedlings.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) treated with formaldehyde on rumen fermentation pattern, microbial protein synthesis, amount of by-pass protein, and amino acid ...absorption from small intestines. Four 1-year-old rams with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were fed 800 g of dry clover plus a concentrate mixture containing 100 g of SBM treated with 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% formaldehyde. The amount of crude protein passed through the duodenum was not affected by the formaldehyde treatment; however, the amount of microbial protein decreased in rams fed with SBM treated with both 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde (P < 0.05). Digestibility of acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the duodenum and ileum did not differ by treatments. In the rams fed SBM treated with both 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde, absorbability of arginine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine (essential amino acids), as well as alanine and aspartic acid (non-essential amino acids) significantly increased, whereas tyrosine absorbability notably decreased (P < 0.05). Formaldehyde treatment increased the absorbability of other essential amino acids (leucine and valine) and non-essential amino acids (serine and tyrosine) in the ileum (P < 0.05). Increasing the percentage of formaldehyde linearly increased total essential amino acid absorption in the duodenum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde treatment enhanced the bioavailability of protein in SBM.
Fitoremedijacija se smatra obećavajućom, jeftinom te estetski prihvatljivom, in situ tehnologijom za remedijaciju teških metala iz onečišćenih tala. Potencijal uporabe drveća u fitoremedijaciji tla ...prepoznat je zadnjih desetljeća, te je u skladu s tim u ovom radu utvrđen potencijal jablana (Populus nigra var. italica) u fitoremedijaciji kadmija. U tu svrhu ispitan je fitoekstrakcijski potencijal jablana (Populus nigra var. italica), distribucija kadmija u pojedine dijelove biljke (list, stabljika, korijen) te potencijal polifenolnih spojeva i enzima fenilalanin-amonijeve lijaze (PAL) u odgovoru biljke na stres uzrokovan akumulacijom različitih količina kadmija. Jablani (Populus nigra var. italica) su tijekom 55-dnevnog uzgoja u tlu izloženi različitim masenim udjelima kadmija u tlu (w= 10, 25, 50 mg kg–1 suhe tvari tla). S ciljem utvrđivanja razine akumulacije i distribucije kadmija u jablanu utvrđeni su maseni udjeli kadmija u pojedinim dijelovima biljaka (list, stabljika, korijen) (Slika 1.). Akumulacija kadmija u biomasi biljaka povećala se proporcionalno s povećanjem masenog udjela kadmija u tlu. Distribucija kadmija kod vrsta Populus spp. smanjuje se sljedećem redoslijedom: korijen > stabljika > list. Kako bi se utvrdio fitoekstrakcijski potencijal ispitivanog jablana (Populus nigra var. italica) određeni su bioakumulacijski (BF) i translokacijski faktori (TF) prikazani na slici 2. i 3. Određene BF vrijednosti ukazuju na povećane akumulacijske sposobnosti ispitivane vrste jablana pri masenim udjelima kadmija (do 25 mg kg–1 suhe tvari tla) (Slika 2.). Određene TF vrijednosti ukazuju na određenu toleranciju na prisutnost kadmija u tlu do masenog udjela od 10 mg kg–1 suhe tvari tla (Slika 3.). Nadalje, da bi se utvrdio potencijal polifenolnih spojeva u odgovoru biljke na stres uzrokovan akumulacijom različitih masenih udjela kadmija, analiziran je ukupan maseni udio polifenola te aktivnost antioksidativnog enzima fenilalanin-amonijeve lijaze (PAL) u ekstraktima listova jablana. Ukupan maseni udio polifenola kod masenog udjela kadmija od 10 mg kg–1 i 25 mg kg–1 suhe tvari tla povećan je u odnosu na kontrolu (Slika 4.), dok su izmjerene vrijednosti aktivnosti enzima PAL povećane samo pri masenom udjelu kadmija od 10 mg kg–1 suhe tvari tla u odnosu na kontrolu (Slika 5.). Uočeni povećani maseni udio polifenola povezan je s povećanjem aktivnosti fenilalanin-amonijeve lijaze (PAL) i upućuju na de novo sintezu polifenola uslijed izloženosti biljke stresu uzrokovanim kadmijem. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da jablan (Populus nigra var. italica) ima dobar potencijal za fitoekstrakciju tala onečišćenih kadmijem, te da u obrani od oksidativnog stresa uzrokovanog izloženosti kadmiju važnu ulogu imaju polifenolni spojevi.
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