Hydrophilic ionic liquids are often used to extract the active ingredients of medicinal plants, while hydrophobic ionic liquids are rarely used to directly extract solid samples. In this paper, a ...simple, novel and efficient temperature-controlled hydrophobic ionic liquids-based ultrasound/heating-assisted extraction (TC-ILs-UHAE) procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and applied to the determination of ferulic acid (FA) in Chinese herbal medicine
. During the extraction procedure, hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) were dispersed into water to form cloudy solution (fine droplets) with the aid of ultrasound and heating simultaneous. After extraction, phase separation was easily achieved by centrifuging at 0 °C. Among all ILs used, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (C
mimNTf
) exhibited the highest extraction ability and the possible extraction mechanism was discussed. Additionally, the synergistic effect of heating and ultrasound on the extraction efficiency was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was observed with correlation coefficient (
) of 0.9995. The limit of detection of FA (LOD,
/
= 3) was 9.6 µg/L and the spiked recoveries of FA for real samples were in the range of 91.67 to 102.00% with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 3.87%. Compared with the traditional extraction methods, the proposed method gave the highest yield of FA and had the shortest extraction time. Therefore, this method is a potential simple, green and highly efficient technique and expected to be applied to the extraction of other bioactive ingredients in medicinal plants.
Essential oil components (EOCs) show great potential for substitution of classic synthetic preservatives in the food industry, but their intense flavor at high concentrations hinders the commercial ...use. When combined with phenolic acids (PAs), however, the amount of EOC needed to inhibit microbial growth can be significantly reduced. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of several combinations of EOCs and PAs on the growth of foodborne pathogens and, thereafter, evaluate the best combination in sliced ham, a highly susceptible product to bacterial contamination in retail shops. Most combinations showed additive effects in vitro against a 4-strain cocktail of Salmonella Enteritidis and a Listeria monocytogenes strain culture. The most effective combination, cinnamaldehyde (CINN) and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA), was evaluated in ready-to-eat (RTE) cooked ham. A package system based in filter papers was designed for continuous delivery of cinnamaldehyde (CINN) and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) into the meat matrix. The treatment showed no significative effects in pathogen populations, instrumental color or pH throughout shelf life. Storage time exerted statistical influence in pH, but values remained as expected for ham. L. monocytogenes population varied through storage time, probably due to the psychrotrophic nature of this species.
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•The use of natural antimicrobials can ensure food safety in retail meat and deli.•Combining phenolic acids to essential oils may reduce their sensorial impacts.•Most combinations showed additive effects against foodborne pathogens in vitro.•The combined treatment led to no physical-chemical alteration in cooked ham.•New delivery methods must be evaluated to achieve effectiveness in the meat matrix.
Ferulic acid (FA) is reported as a good antioxidant absorbed by human or rat but only few data deal with the influence of the food matrix on its bioavailability and with its potential protection ...against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Wheat bran is used as a source of ferulic acid, the compound being mainly bound to arabinoxylans of the plant cell walls. Pharmacokinetic profiles of FA and its metabolites are established in rats. Free and conjugated FA quickly appear in plasma, reach a plateau 1 h after intake and remain approximately constant at 1 μM up to 24 h. 2.3% of FA are eliminated in urine. Compared with results obtained after intake of free FA, the presence of FA-arabinoxylans bonds in the food matrix increases the occurrence time of FA in the organism and decreases the level of urinary excretion in 24 h. Nevertheless, sulfated FA is still the main plasmatic form. The antioxidant activity of plasmas of rats fed with a standard diet (containing no FA), pure ferulic acid (5.15 mg FA/kg bw) or bran (4.04 mg FA/kg bw) are measured in an ex vivo test using AAPH as free radical inducer. Plasmas of rats fed with bran show a better antioxidant activity than the control group and the pure FA supplemented group, increasing the resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis by factors of 2 and 1.5, respectively. These results show the good bioavailability of FA from bran and its potential efficiency to protect organism against pathology involving radical steps of development. Keywords: Ferulic acid; wheat bran; bioavailability; conjugated metabolites; antioxidant activity
Platinum-based agents, such as cisplatin, form the mainstay of currently used chemotherapeutic regimens for several malignancies; however, the main limitations are chemoresistance and ototoxic side ...effects. In this study we used two different polyphenols, curcumin and ferulic acid as adjuvant chemotherapeutics evaluating (1) in vivo their antioxidant effects in protecting against cisplatin ototoxicity and (2) in vitro the transcription factors involved in tumor progression and cisplatin resistance. We reported that both polyphenols show antioxidant and oto-protective activity in the cochlea by up-regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and downregulating p53 phosphorylation. However, only curcumin is able to influence inflammatory pathways counteracting NF-κB activation. In human cancer cells, curcumin converts the anti-oxidant effect into a pro-oxidant and anti-inflammatory one. Curcumin exerts permissive and chemosensitive properties by targeting the cisplatin chemoresistant factors Nrf-2, NF-κB and STAT-3 phosphorylation. Ferulic acid shows a biphasic response: it is pro-oxidant at lower concentrations and anti-oxidant at higher concentrations promoting chemoresistance. Thus, polyphenols, mainly curcumin, targeting ROS-modulated pathways may be a promising tool for cancer therapy. Thanks to their biphasic activity of antioxidant in normal cells undergoing stressful conditions and pro-oxidant in cancer cells, these polyphenols probably engage an interplay among the key factors Nrf-2, NF-κB, STAT-3 and p53.
Over the last three decades substantial attention has been given to the role of dietary fiber in health and disease, in particular diabetes, cardiovascular disease, intestinal health, and some types ...of cancer. As a result the food industry started to add back fiber to refined foods and develop fiber rich foods. Scientists suggested that whole grain foods are superior to foods enriched with fibers obtained/synthesized using enzyme treatment, and thermal or chemical processing because the content of bioactive components and micronutrients in whole grain is more abundant. This triggered interest in how to isolate the micronutrient rich aleurone fiber fraction from wheat. Aleurone is a single cell layer at the inner site of the bran. It contains most of the minerals, vitamins, phenolic antioxidants, and lignans of the wheat grain. Novel milling and dry-fractionation techniques have recently allowed for full-scale separation of aleurone cells from the other layers of wheat bran, yielding a fiber rich concentrate which potentially contains many of the "whole grain kernel bioactives," which recently have been used in a variety of studies. The present review highlights available data on aleurone isolation, composition, intestinal physiology, and its metabolism and potential health benefits as well as its use in food.
This paper describes a simple method for obtaining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of trace amounts of ferulic acid. Silver foils whose surfaces were roughened by etching with HNO3 ...were used as SERS substrates. Raman peaks originating from trans-ferulic acid were observed when a spectrum of a droplet of a 0.5 mg L−1 trans-ferulic acid solution on the surface-roughened silver foil was measured.
•Subcritical water was applied to brewer’s spent grain.•High protein recovery was achieved by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds.•Fractionation of biocompounds can be achieved by selecting operating ...temperature.•Polar amino acids were more sensitive to temperature than non-polar amino acids.•Hydroxycinnamic acids were more sensitive to temperature than aldehyde phenolics.
The valorization of the brewer’s spent grain (BSG) generated in a craft beer industry was studied by subcritical water hydrolysis in a semi-continuous fixed-bed reactor. Temperature was varied from 125 to 185 °C at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. Biomass hydrolysis yielded a maximum of 78% of solubilized protein at 185 °C. Free amino acids presented a maximum level at 160 °C with a value of 55 mg free amino acids/gprotein-BSG. Polar amino acid presented a maximum at lower temperatures than non-polar amino acids. The maximum in total phenolic compounds was reached at 185 °C. This maximum is the same for aldehyde phenolic compounds such as vanillin, syringic and protocatechuic aldehyde; however, for hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric, the maximum was obtained at 160 °C. This allows a fractionation of the bioactive compounds. Subcritical water addresses opportunities for small breweries to be incorporated within the biorefinery concept.
Ferulic acid is a polyphenolic compound with proven anticancer properties, but it suffers from low solubility and bioavailability. In the current work, polymeric and lipidic nanocapsules of ferulic ...acid were prepared, characterized, and tested on colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco2 cells), with mechanistic anticancer elucidation using flow cytometry. The selected NCs formulation was further tested in vivo on rats after inducing CRC using 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH), followed by biochemical analysis, molecular and histological examinations.
Results revealed that both polymeric and lipidic nanocapsules showed favorable properties, but the latter was smaller in size and presented higher cumulative percent released of FA. The lipidic nanocapsules displayed better anticancer activity than the drug on both cell lines; with apoptosis being the dominant cell death mode. The in vivo study revealed that ferulic acid lipid NCs exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. They also downregulated cyclin D1, IGF II, and VEGF, and autoregulated the apoptotic/anti-apoptotic gene BAX/Bcl-2; indicating their apoptotic and anti-angiogenic potential, which was further confirmed by histological examination.
Findings prove that the proposed ferulic acid lipid nanocapsules are an ideal system for treatment of CRC, and can serve as a preventive measure against metastasis.
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The intermolecular copigmentation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) with three colorless phenolic compounds and its thermal stability were investigated. The influence of the copigment (ferulic acid, ...dopamine, or (+)-catechin), the pigment-to-copigment molar ratio (1 : 1, 1 : 10, and 1 : 100), the pH value (pH 3–7), and the temperature (20, 30, 40, and 50 °C) on the copigmentation effect, stoichiometric ratio (n), the equilibrium constant (K), and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) were obtained. The strongest immediate copigmentation reactions were observed at pH 3 and 1 : 100 molar ratio, being significantly higher with (+)-catechin, followed by ferulic acid and then dopamine. The greatest hyperchromic shift was found in the complex of C3G/(+)-catechin, which was reasonable for its n and K values of 0.7 and 17.1, respectively. Moreover, the reactions were favored at low temperature. The thermodynamic data indicated that all these complexes were formed by spontaneous exothermic reactions. The C3G/(+)-catechin complex at the molar ratio 1 : 100 exhibited the greatest thermodynamic properties, with negative values of ΔG° (−6.92 kJ/mol), ΔH° (−38.7 kJ/mol), and ΔS° (−108.0 J/K/mol). The C3G/(+)-catechin complex exhibited a low Ea value (78 J/mol), indicating greater thermal stability against temperature change compared with those with the other phenolic pigments. In addition, copigmentation of anthocyanins in mulberry juice with (+)-catechin significantly reduced the loss of anthocyanins during pasteurization (80 °C for 15 min).
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