Background and purpose
A recently proposed pre‐dementia syndrome, motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome, is characterized by cognitive complaints and slow gait, and increases the risk of dementia and ...mortality. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of and factors associated with MCR syndrome in elderly community‐dwelling Chinese subjects.
Methods
The Ningbo Community Study on Aging recruited 953 Chinese community‐dwelling participants aged ≥ 65 years from November 2016 to March 2017. Handgrip, Five‐Times‐Sit‐to‐Stand (FTSS) test time and body composition, as well as comprehensive geriatric evaluation, were measured as potentially independent factors associated with MCR syndrome.
Results
The prevalence of MCR syndrome was 12.8% in men and 12.6% in women, and high prevalence of MCR syndrome was not associated with age or sex. Multiple logistic regression analysis by sex showed that a 1‐SD increase in FTSS test time in males and females was associated with 45% (95% confidence intervals, 19–76; P < 0.01) and 20% (95% confidence intervals, 9–33; P < 0.01) higher risk of having MCR syndrome, respectively, whereas handgrip strength was inversely correlated with MCR syndrome in males odds ratio (OR), 0.91; P = 0.02 but not females (P = 0.06). Moreover, the relationship of arm fat mass and MCR syndrome was statistically significant in both sexes (OR, 1.69–1.77), but leg fat mass was only associated with MCR syndrome (OR, 1.56; P = 0.02) in men.
Conclusions
Handgrip, FTSS test time and body composition were associated in a sex‐specific manner with MCR syndrome in elderly community‐dwelling Chinese subjects. Our results on MCR syndrome are novel and should be considered as important information in future studies.
Aims and Objectives
The self‐performance of a Five‐Times‐Sit‐To‐Stand (FTSTS)‐test, without the usual supervision by a medical professional, provides valuable opportunities for clinical practice and ...research. This study aimed: (1) to determine the validity of the self‐performed FTSTS test in comparison to a supervised reference test and (2) to determine the reliability of a self‐performed FTSTS test by cancer survivors.
Background
Early detection of frailty in cancer survivors may enable prehabilitation interventions before surgery or intensive treatment, improving cancer outcomes.
Design
A repeated measures reliability and agreement study, with one week in between measures, was performed.
Methods
Cancer survivors (n = 151) performed two FTSTS tests themselves. One additional reference FTSTS test was supervised by a physical therapist. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), structural error of measurement (SEM) and minimally important clinical difference (MID) were calculated comparing a self‐performed FTSTS test to the reference test, and comparing two self‐performed FTSTS tests. The Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRASS) have been used.
Results
Mean age of cancer survivors was 65.6 years (SD = 9.3), 54.6% were female, median time since diagnosis was 2 years IQR = 1, and tumour type varied (e.g., breast cancer (31.8%), prostate cancer (17.2%), gastrointestinal cancer (11.9%) and haematological cancer (11.9%)). Validity of the self‐performed FTSTS test at home was acceptable in comparison with the reference test (ICC = .74; SEM = 3.2; MID = 3.6) as was the reliability of the self‐performed FTSTS test (ICC = .70; SEM = 2.2; MID = 3.8).
Conclusions
The self‐performed FTSTS test is a valid and reliable measure to assess lower body function and has potential to be used as objective (pre‐)screening tool for frailty in cancer survivors.
Relevance to clinical practice
The self‐performed FTSTS test at home may indicate the cancer survivors in need of prehabilitation in advance of surgery or intensive treatment. The feasibility, short amount of time needed and potential cost‐effectiveness of the self‐performed FTSTS test can make it a valuable contribution to personalised care and precision medicine.
PURPOSEThis study evaluated whether anthropometric measurements and the five times sit-to-stand test could be used to identify dynapenia. The cut-off values of accurate screening tools for ...identifying dynapenia were also established.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis was a cross-sectional study conducted on individuals ≥ 60 years old (N = 529). All participants underwent handgrip strength measurement, anthropometric measurements and the five times sit-to-stand test. The participants whose handgrip strength was < 28 kg for men and < 18 kg for women were considered to have dynapenia. The association between the recorded variables and dynapenia was determined using logistic regression, and cut-off values were established by performing the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis.RESULTSThe prevalence of dynapenia was 35.42% in men and 25.61% in women. For males, both calf circumference (≤ 35.2 cm) and the five times sit-to-stand test (≥ 14.6 s) could be used as accurate tools for dynapenia. For females, only the five times sit-to-stand test (≥ 11.8 s) had sufficient accuracy to be used as a screening tool for dynapenia.CONCLUSIONSThe five times sit-to-stand test was an accurate screening tool for identifying dynapenia. The calf circumference could be only used as a screening tool in males.
To develop an instrument to facilitate the risk assessment of falls in older outpatients.
A quantitative methodological study using the cross-sectional data.
This study enrolled 1988 older ...participants who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in an outpatient clinic from May 2020 to November 2022. The history of any falls (≥1 falls in a year) and recurrent falls (≥2 falls in a year) were investigated. Potential risk factors of falls were selected by stepwise logistic regression, and a screening tool was constructed based on nomogram. The tool performance was compared with two reference tools (Fried Frailty Phenotype; CGA with 10 items, CGA-10) by using receiver operating curves, sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spe), and area under the curve (AUC).
Age, unintentional weight loss, depression measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, muscle strength measured by the five times sit-to-stand test, and stand balance measured by semi- and full-tandem standing were the most important risk factors for falls. A fall risk screening tool was constructed with the six measurements (FRST-6). FRST-6 showed the best AUC (Sen, Spe) of 0.75 (Sen = 0.72, Spe = 0.69) for recurrent falls and 0.65 (Sen = 0.74, Spe = 0.48) for any falls. FRST-6 was comparable to CGA-10 and outperformed FFP in performance.
Age, depression, weight loss, gait, and balance were important risk factors of falls. The FRST-6 tool based on these factors showed acceptable performance in risk stratification.
Performing a multifactorial assessment in primary care clinics is urgent for falls prevention. The FRST-6 provides a simple and practical way for falls risk screening. With this tool, healthcare professionals can efficiently identify patients at risk of falling and make appropriate recommendations in resource-limited settings.
No patient or public contribution was received, due to our study design.
Falls are a major concern for people of all ages, especially older adults with declining physical functions and deteriorating muscle strength. The Five Times Sit to Stand Test is used for the ...assessment of lower limb strength along with balance and postural control. Therefore, the systematic review at hand aimed to determine the optimal procedure and characteristics among older adults.
The following databases served as the primary sources through which the target studies were searched for and obtained for review. They included Google Scholar, Pedro, BIOMED Central, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PUBMED and Science DIRECT. With the aim of fulfilling the eligibility criteria, 16 full-text studies were included and the quality assessment was performed. using the Thomas Tool.
The total number of the subjects who participated in the included studies was 15,130 and the ages of the aforementioned participants ranged from 60 to 80 years. In 15 of the studies, a stopwatch was used as the scoring method where the mean chair height of 42 cm was reported. Two studies reported that no significant influence of the arm position (P = .096) on the time allocated for test completion was identified. However, posterior foot placement (P < .001) led to shorter times of completion. Individuals who are unable to complete the test are more susceptible to activities of daily living related disabilities (P < .01) when compared to fall risk (P = .09).
The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test is a safe test, providing added value to apply risk for falls in people at moderate risk and in healthy populations using standardized chair heights and stopwatches.
The aim of this study was to verify whether sarcopenia and its components are associated with hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and geometry in postmenopausal women (PW).
In this cross-sectional ...study, appendicular bone-free lean mass (aLM) and hip bone mass and geometry were measured using dual-energy x-ray emission absorptiometry (DXA). Muscle power and strength were measured by five times Sit-to-Stand Test (5-STS) and dynamometry, respectively, in 175 PW. Sarcopenia was identified as low aLM plus low muscle strength or low muscle power. Multiple linear regression (covaried by age, smoking, hormonal therapy, and diseases) was used to determine the relationship between sarcopenia and bone geometry and mass. The results are presented as mean differences between groups.
Dynamometry, five times Sit-to-Stand Test, and aLM indicated positive associations (P < 0.05) with most indicators of bone mass and geometry. Sarcopenia, applying low muscle strength or low muscle power, was negatively associated with femoral neck width (-0.2 mm, P = 0.001), cortical thickness of femoral calcar (-0.6 mm, P = 0.043), subtrochanteric cortical thickness (-1.2 mm, P = 0.002), femoral neck cross-sectional area (-19.5 mm2, P < 0.001), cross-section moment of inertia (-2,244 mm4, P < 0.001), section modulus (-115 mm3, P < 0.001), femoral neck aBMD (-0.1 g/cm2, P = 0.002), upper femoral neck aBMD (-0.1 g/cm2, P = 0.003), lower femoral neck aBMD (-0.1 g/cm2, P = 0.016), and trochanteric aBMD (-0.1 g/cm2, P = 0.035).
Thus, muscle mass, strength and power, alone or in combination (ie, sarcopenia), are associated with low aBMD, impaired bone geometry, and, therefore, bone strength in PW. These measures may help identify PW at risk of hip fractures.
Children born late preterm (LP) have an increased risk of poor developmental motor outcomes.
This study aimed to assess physical functions and gait performance in school-aged children born LP.
...Cross-sectional study.
Physical functions and gait performance were evaluated in 277 children aged 6–10 years born LP (n = 22) and full-term (FT) (n = 255).
Physical function tests consisted of five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), one-leg standing time, and grip strength. FTSST was used to assess the functional muscle strength of the lower limbs and dynamic balance function. Gait performance tests included gait quality, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and gait variability. Clinical data, physical functions, and gait performance were compared between two groups. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between all variables and LP birth.
In physical function tests, children born LP showed poorer FTSST than those born FT (p = 0.039). No significant difference in gait performance tests were identified between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis of FTSST for LP (adjusted for age at assessment) revealed that FTSST was significantly associated with LP birth (p = 0.004, odds ratio = 1.579, 95% confidence interval = 1.160–2.149).
We demonstrated the physical functions and gait performance in school-aged children born LP. Our findings indicate that it is important to focus on the decreased functional muscle strength of the lower limbs and reduced dynamic balance function related to LP birth to improve functional mobility in children born LP.
•Children born late preterm (LP) showed poorer five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST).•No significant difference in gait performance was observed between LP and full-term.•Logistic regression analysis revealed the association between FTSST and LP birth.•FTSST is a useful measure for functional mobility in school-aged children born LP.
The aim of the study was to determine the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the five times sit to stand test (FTST) and step test (ST) in older adults with total hip arthroplasty ...(THA).
A cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out with 32 unilateral total hip arthroplasty patients. FTST, ST, and Timed Up & Go Test were evaluated at the first evaluation session. The test-retest reliability was evaluated by performing two repetitions of the FTST and ST. Besides, the functional status of the patients was evaluated with the Harris Hip Score (HHS). The test-retest reliability of the FTST and ST were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In the concurrent validity analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient was analyzed. In addition, the standard error of measurement (SEM95) and minimal detectable change (MDC95) values of the FTST and ST were also calculated.
The mean age of the participants was 75.4 ± 10.3 years. The ICC score of FTST, ST (right) and ST (left) were 0.987, 0.908 and 0.846, respectively. SEM95 and MDC95 values of the FTST were 1.05 and 2.91, respectively. FTST was correlated with both the HHS and TUG (r1 = −0.522, r2 = 0.730, p < 0.01). SEM95 and MDC95 values of the ST (right) were 0.37 and 1.02, respectively. SEM95 and MDC95 values of the ST (left) were 0.55 and 1.52, respectively. Also, ST (right) was only correlated with TUG (r = −0.654, p < 0.01). ST (right) were correlated with both the HHS and TUG (r1 = 0.503, r2 = −0.806, p < 0.01). The degree of correlations was strong.
The FTST and ST are valid and reliable performance tests in older adults with primary unilateral THA.
•The five times sit to stand test (FTST) and step test (ST) are a valid and reliable performance test in older adults with primary unilateral THA.•The MDC value of FTST and ST provides essential information to clinicians about patients' clinical progression.•To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the testHYPHENretest reliability and concurrent validity of the FTST and ST in older adults with THA.
Aim
Postoperative functional outcomes following pelvic exenteration surgery for treatment of advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine ...the short‐term functional outcomes following pelvic exenteration surgery using objective measures of physical function.
Method
Patients undergoing pelvic exenteration surgery between January 2017 and May 2020 were recruited at a single quaternary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia. The primary measures were the 6‐min walk test (6MWT) and the five times sit to stand (5STS) test. Data were collected at baseline (preoperatively), 10 days postoperatively and at discharge from hospital, and were analysed according to tumour type, extent of exenteration, sacrectomy, length of hospital stay, major nerve resection and postoperative complications.
Results
The cohort of patients that participated in functional assessments consisted of 135 patients, with a median age of 61 years. Pelvic exenteration patients had a reduced 6MWT distance preoperatively compared to the general population (P < 0.001). Following surgery, we observed a further decrease in 6MWT distance (P < 0.001) and an increase in time to complete 5STS (P < 0.001) at postoperative day 10 compared to baseline, with a slight improvement at discharge. There were no differences in 6MWT and 5STS outcomes between patients based on comparisons of surgical and oncological factors.
Conclusion
Pelvic exenteration patients are functionally impaired in the preoperative period compared to the general population. Surgery causes a further reduction in physical function in the short term; however, functional outcomes are not impacted by tumour type, extent of exenteration, sacrectomy or nerve resection.
This study presents a single-arm intervention that aimed to determine the feasibility of a three-month home-based exercise program to prevent the progression of frailty during COVID-19. We recruited ...four groups of Kayoi-no-ba, or community salons for frailty prevention, and a total of 69 community-dwelling older women who belonged to one of the Kayoi-no-ba in a preliminary study for a follow-up study. The intervention program was developed on the basis of the 5A approach, and the focus group by the volunteer leaders of Kayoi-no-ba. We adapted the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Home Exercise Program for Older People for 10-min daily home-based exercise. For feasibility outcomes, 91.3% of the participants completed the intervention program, whereas the percentage of exercise performed was 86.5% during the intervention period. For health-related outcomes, the five times sit-to-stand test exhibited significant improvement after the intervention. The results of feasibility outcomes indicate that the program may be feasible due to the high rates of completion and exercise performed. Additionally, improvement was noted for the health indicators of the five times sit-to-stand test, which may help prevent frailty. The feasibility trial has provided the necessary data to design a future-cluster randomized controlled trial.
