Although Five Times-Sit-To-Stand test (FTSST) performance is known to be a valid and reliable method in people with chronic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and balance disorder, it has not been widely ...studied in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). The main aim of this study was to evaluate validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients with MS.
The first outcome measure of the study was the FTSST, which was conducted by two different researchers. Secondary outcome measures were Biodex Stability System (BSS), 10-meter walk test, time up go test (TUG), EDSS scoring, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Barthel Index, Quadriceps Muscle strength test, Functional Reach test. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for the validity and reliability of the FTSST, which was made by two different researchers, and Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to determine its relationship with other measurements.
Interrater and test-retest reliability for the FTSST were excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was found between all secondary outcome measures and FTSST (p < 0.05).
FTSST is considered to be a valid, reliable, easy, and rapid method for evaluating lower extremity muscle strength and balance in patients with MS.
The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) has been found reliable, safe and valid for measuring healthy adults' lower limb muscle strength and for determining balance control, fall risk, and exercise ...capacity among older examinees. We believe that the FTSST has the potential to be a straightforward, low cost and valuable tool for identifying muscle disability and functional status following critical illness. The aim of our study was to establish the applicability, safety, and psychometric qualities of FTSST in patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge.
In our study applicability was determined by assessing the percentage of patients who could perform the test at ICU discharge. Safety was assessed by examining data regarding any exacerbated haemodynamic and respiratory responses or adverse events associated with the test. For assessing FTSST reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM) and Bland-Altman plot were used. For assessing concurrent validity handgrip strength, ICU length of stay, duration of invasive ventilation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS3) and age variables were used. For investigating predictive validity, correlations between the FTSST and measures of hospital length of stay and functional independence were evaluated.
Only 30% of ICU survivors (n = 261 out of 817) were eligible to perform the FTSST and 7% of patients who performed the test (n = 10 out of 142) presented adverse events. Both inter (ICC 0.92 CI95% 0.89-0.94) and intra-rater (ICC 0.95 CI95% 0.93-0.96) reliability were excellent and higher scores were associated with lower muscle strength, longer hospital stay and greater functional impairment at hospital discharge in adult survivors of critical diseases.
Our results suggest that the FTSST may be applicable only to high-functioning critical care survivors. In this specifical population, FTSST is a safe, easy to perform, valid and reliable measure that can be applied to fall risk and functional recovery management.
Comprehensive and repetitive assessments are needed to detect physical changes in an older population to prevent functional decline at the earliest possible stage and to initiate preventive ...interventions. Established instruments like the Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) Test and the Sit-to-Stand Test (SST) require a trained person (e.g., physiotherapist) to assess physical performance. More often, these tests are only applied to a selected group of persons already functionally impaired and not to those who are at potential risk of functional decline. The article introduces the Unsupervised Screening System (USS) for unsupervised self-assessments by older adults and evaluates its validity for the TUG and SST. The USS included ambient and wearable movement sensors to measure the user's test performance. Sensor datasets of the USS's light barriers and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) were analyzed for 91 users aged 73 to 89 years compared to conventional stopwatch measurement. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.89 for the TUG test and of 0.73 for the SST were confirmed among USS's light barriers. Correspondingly, for the inertial data-based measures, a high and significant correlation of 0.78 for the TUG test and of 0.87 for SST were also found. The USS was a validated and reliable tool to assess TUG and SST.
Aims: To evaluate changes in the bioelectrical activity of thigh muscles in concentric and eccentric movements of a sit-to-stand test in women with knee osteoarthritis after a preoperative home ...exercise program (HEP). Secondly, to compare patients with healthy controls.
Methods: Seventeen women with knee osteoarthritis and ten healthy controls participated. The bioelectrical activity of thigh muscles during sit-to-stand test and isometric maximal voluntary contraction force of leg extensor muscles were measured.
Results: Post-HEP, the knee osteoarthritis group demonstrated lower bioelectrical activity of antagonist muscles in the concentric and eccentric movements, and reduced asymmetry in muscle activation between limbs. Poorer results were noted compared to controls pre-and post-HEP.
Conclusions: In knee osteoarthritis patients, the bioelectrical activity of thigh muscles during the sit-to-stand test improves after eight weeks of preoperative HEP. Preoperative HEP reduces co-activation of thigh muscles and activation asymmetry between limbs in concentric and eccentric movements of a sit-to-stand task.
Patients who have had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) should periodically have their muscle strength assessed. The five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) can evaluate the muscle ...strength and balance of the lower extremities. This study's primary purpose was to assess the validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients who have undergone ACL-R.
Forty-three people who had undergone ACL-R surgery were included in the study. The study's primary outcome measure, the FTSST, was assessed by two different investigators. Secondary outcome measures were body balance, quadriceps muscle strength, Tegner activity score (TAS), and Lysholm score.
The FTSST's test-retest and inter-rater reliability were both high (ICC: 0.99). The FTSST also showed a strong statistically significant correlation with all secondary outcome measures, including balance, quadriceps muscle strength, TAS, and Lysholm score (p<0.05).
According to the study results, the FTSST is a tool-free, simple method for assessing muscle strength and the body balance level, mobility level, and functional status of the knee in patients who have undergone ACL-R surgery.
To determine the feasibility, reliability, and safety of the remote five times sit to stand test (5STS) test in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
Consecutive adult patients undergoing surgical ...treatment for lower gastrointestinal cancer at a major referral hospital in Sydney between July and November 2022 were included. Participants completed the 5STS test both face-to-face and remotely, with the order randomised. Outcomes included measures of feasibility, reliability, and safety.
Of fifty-five patients identified, seventeen (30.9%) were not interested, one (1.8%) had no internet coverage, and thirty-seven (67.3%) consented and completed both 5STS tests. The mean (SD) time taken to complete the face-to-face and remote 5STS tests was 9.1 (2.4) and 9.5 (2.3) seconds, respectively. Remote collection by telehealth was feasible, with only two participants (5.4%) having connectivity issues at the start of the remote assessment, but not interfering with the tests. The remote 5STS test showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.957), with limits of agreement within acceptable ranges and no significant systematic errors observed. No adverse events were observed within either test environment.
Remote 5STS for the assessment of functional lower extremity strength in gastrointestinal cancer patients is feasible, reliable, and safe, and can be used in clinical and research settings.
Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is a pre-dementia symptom strongly predicting cognitive decline and dementia. Although advancements in elucidating the epidemiology of MCR, the evidence about ...the association between sarcopenia, sarcopenia parameters, and MCR remains scarce.
The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between sarcopenia, sarcopenia parameters, and MCR among community-dwelling Chinese older adults.
A total of 4,184 community-dwelling older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in the 2011 waves were included. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. Sarcopenia parameters included handgrip strength (HGS), height-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/Ht
), and five-times sit-to-stand test time (FTSSTT). MCR was defined as subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait speed without dementia or impaired mobility. The associations between sarcopenia, sarcopenia parameters, and MCR were conducted using the logistic regression model. The restricted cubic spline with four knots were performed to determine the nonlinear and linear relationships between HGS, ASM/Ht
, FTSSTT, and MCR.
The prevalence of MCR in wave 2011 of CHARLS was 11.2%. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found sarcopenia odd ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.70 (1.13 ~ 2.54),
= 0.011, lower HGS 0.97 (0.96 ~ 0.99),
= 0.001, and more FTSSTT 1.12 (1.10 ~ 1.15),
< 0.001 were significantly associated with a higher risk of MCR. There was an inverse linear dose-response between HGS and MCR (
for overall = 0.008, p for nonlinearity =0.776). The nonlinear relationship between FTSSTT and MCR was found (
for overall <0.001,
for nonlinearity = 0.025) with FTSSTT ≥29 s being associated with a higher risk of MCR. A dose-response relationship was not found between ASM/Ht
and MCR (
for overall =0.589).
Sarcopenia, lower HGS, and higher FTSSTT are associated with MCR among older adults in China, while the latter two exhibit a dose-response relationship with MCR. It is suggested that timely identification and management of sarcopenia and its parameters may help delay the progression of cognitive impairment and promote healthy aging.
Purpose/aim
The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) is a method that evaluates lower extremity muscle strength and balance level. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the ...FTSST in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) whose lower extremity muscle strength and balance levels are adversely affected.
Methods
The first outcome measure of the study was the FTSST, which was conducted by two different researchers. Secondary outcome measures are Biodex Balance System (BBS), Quadriceps Muscle Strength Test, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for the validity and reliability of the FTSST, which was made by two different researchers, and Pearson’s Correlation Analysis was used to determine its relationship with other measurements.
Results
Inter-rater and test–retest reliability for the FTSST were excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.99). A statistically significant correlation was found between all secondary outcome measures (BBS, quadriceps muscle strength, ODI, VAS) and FTSST (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
In line with the findings of our study, we think that FTSST is a simple, easy, and reproducible method for evaluating lower extremity muscle strength, balance level, functional status, and pain in patients with NSCLBP.
Purpose This study evaluated the immediate and short-term effects of a combination of prolonged passive muscle stretching (PMS) and whole body vibration (WBV) on the spasticity, strength and balance ...of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Subjects and Methods A randomized two-period crossover trial was designed. Twelve subjects with cerebral palsy aged 10.6 ± 2.4 years received both PMS alone as a control group (CG) and a combination of PMS and WBV as an experimental group (EG). After random allocation to the trial schedules of either EG-CG or CG-EG, CG received prolonged PMS while standing on a tilt-table for 40 minutes/day, and EG received prolonged PMS for 30 minutes, followed by 10 minutes WBV. Both CG and EG received the treatment 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Results Immediately after one treatment, EG resulted in better improvement in scores on the Modified Ashworth Scale than CG. After the 6-week intervention, EG also showed significantly decreased scores on the Modified Ashworth Scale compared to CG. Both CG and EG showed significantly reduced the performance times in the five times sit to stand test, and EG also showed significantly increased scores on the pediatric balance scale. Conclusion This study showed that 6 weeks of combined prolonged PMS and WBV had beneficial effects on the spasticity, muscle strength and balance of children and adolescents with CP.
The ability to perform sit-to-stand from a chair and getting down and up from the floor, or the ability to safely perform a floor transfer are important transitional activities for independent ...living. The sit-to-stand maneuver is frequently performed by community-dwelling older adults and is routinely evaluated as a part of geriatric physical therapy assessment. Conversely, a floor transfer is rarely performed by older adults or addressed by clinicians, even when working with frail patients who live alone and are at high risk for falls. Accordingly, the specific aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of the five times sit-to-stand (5xSTS) test against 3-point floor transfer performance.
A total of 46 community-dwelling adults, ages 65-96 years, were recruited using a stratified sampling technique based on self-reported levels of floor transfer ability: independent (n = 16); assisted (n = 15); and dependent (n = 15). Forty-five of the 46 participated in the data collection process. Participants were first assessed for the 5xSTS test and were categorized based on performance as unable to perform (n = 14), poor performance (>13.6 seconds), or good performance (≤13.6 seconds). Participants then performed the 3-point floor transfer test and were classified based on results as independent (n = 18), assisted (n = 10), or dependent (n = 17). Spearman correlations were calculated to assess the concurrent validity for the 5xSTS testing procedure against 3-point floor transfer performance. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to: 1) determine the discriminant validity of 5xSTS test outcome performance among groups that differ in 3-point floor transfer test performance; and 2) examine the significance level of the socio-demographic data.
Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the 3-point floor transfer test and the categorical performance outcomes of the 5xSTS test (rho ranged from 0.67 to 0.88,
< .001). A strong negative correlation was found between 5xSTS scores and the 3-point floor transfer test (rho = 0.86,
< .001). There was moderate sensitivity (71%) and strong specificity (93%) for the 5xSTS test to predict floor transfer performance. The outcomes of 5xSTS performance differed significantly among 3-point floor transfer performance outcome groups. Older adults who were unable to perform 5xSTS test were also dependent in floor transfer performance. In contrast, older adults who demonstrated good performance in the 5xSTS test were independent in floor transfer performance (p ≤ 0.012).
Floor transfer is a highly important safety maneuver for older adults, although it is rarely performed and assessed. This study documents that the 5xSTS test displays concurrent, predictive, and discriminative validity properties, making it a potentially useful initial screening tool to predict floor transfer ability. Failure to complete the 5xSTS test may also be a reliable indicator of floor transfer performance dependency among community-dwelling older adults.
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