•Fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus was purified for chemical structure elucidation.•The majors components of the fucoidan were fucose (70.13 ± 0.22 wt%) and sulphate (15.16 ± 1.17 wt%).•Fucoidan ...structure: →3)-α-fuc(1→0.52→3)-α-fuc-4-OSO3-(1→0.33→2)-α-fuc0.14.
Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide, made up mainly of l-fucose, which is found in brown seaweeds. Its chemical structure is diverse and depends on maturity, species and geographical location. The objective of this study was to elucidate the chemical structure of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus harvested in Japan. The fucoidan was subject to purification prior to monosaccharide profiling, sulphate content determination, and linkage analysis. Our results showed that Japanese Cladosiphon okamuranus fucoidan contained 70.13 ± 0.22 wt% fucose and 15.16 ± 1.17 wt% sulphate. Other minor monosaccharides found were d-xylose, d-galactose, d-mannose, d-glucose, d-arabinose, d-rhamnose and d-glucuronic acid. Linkage analysis revealed that fucopyranoside units along the backbone are linked, through α-1,3-glycosidic bonds, with fucose branching at C-2, and one sulphate group at C-4 per every three fucose units, i.e. the structure of fucoidan from Japanese Cladosiphon okamuranus is →3)-α-fuc(1→0.52→3)-α-fuc-4-OSO3-(1→0.33→2)-α-fuc0.14.
Fucoidans are a class of sulfated fucose-containing bioactive polysaccharides produced by brown algae. The biological effects exhibited by fucoidans are thought to be related to their sulfation. ...However, the lack of methods for sulfation control does not allow for a reliable conclusion about the influence of the position of certain sulfate groups on the observed biological effects. We identified the gene encoding the endo-acting fucoidan sulfatase swf5 in the marine bacterium Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica CZ1127T. This is the first report on the sequence of fucoidan endo-sulfatase. Sulfatase SWF5 belongs to the subfamily S1_22 of the family S1. SWF5 was shown to remove 4O-sulfation in fucoidans composed from the alternating α-(1→3)- and α-(1→4)-linked residues of sulfated L-fucose but not from fucoidans with the α-(1→3)-linked backbone. The endo-sulfatase was used to selectively prepare 4O-desulfated fucoidan derivatives. It was shown that the 4O-desulfated fucoidans inhibit colony formation of DLD-1 and MCF-7 cells less effectively than unmodified fucoidans. Presumably, 4O-sulfation makes a significant contribution to the anticancer activity of fucoidans.
•Discovered sulfatase SWF5 is a member of S1_22 subfamily of S1 family.•SWF5 cleaved off sulfate groups from the C4 position of α-L-fucose in fucoidans.•SWF5 classified as a sulfated α-(1→3;1→4)-L-fucan endo-4O-sulfatase•4O-Desulfated fucoidan derivatives demonstrate a reduced anticancer effect in vitro.•Reduction of Mw for 4O-desulfated fucoidans leads to a decreased anticancer effect.
Pterostilbene is a hydrophobic phytochemical with extensive potential physiological functions. However, the incorporation of pure pterostilbene into functional foods or pharmaceutical formulations is ...limited by its poor water solubility and stability. Therefore, this study aimed to fabricate effective nanoparticles to encapsulate pterostilbene. A simple pH-driven method was applied to fabricate zein-sodium caseinate-fucoidan composite nanoparticles, and pterostilbene was loaded into these nanoparticles. The effect of weight ratios of zein/sodium caseinate and sodium caseinate/fucoidan on the physicochemical characteristics of the composite nanoparticles was examined. The optimal zein/sodium caseinate/fucoidan weight ratio was 1:1:1. The pterostilbene-zein-sodium caseinate-fucoidan (PTE-zein-SC-FD) nanoparticles exhibited globular microstructures formed primarily through hydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and steric interactions, with an average particle size of 62.3 nm, ζ-potential of −29.1 mV, and encapsulation efficiency for pterostilbene of 95.2%. Moreover, sodium caseinate and fucoidan synergistically enhanced the physicochemical stability of pterostilbene-loaded zein-based nanoparticles. PTE-zein-SC-FD nanoparticles showed excellent colloidal stability under broad-range pH values (2.0–8.0), elevated salt concentrations (0–3.0 mol/L NaCl), and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Meanwhile, PTE-zein-SC-FD nanoparticles exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and in vitro bioaccessibility of pterostilbene, as well as provided better protection for pterostilbene under UV-irradiation and long-term storage conditions than other formulations or control groups. Furthermore, the fabricated zein-based composite nanoparticles could control and modulate the release of pterostilbene during the in vitro digestion. Additionally, zein-SC-FD ternary nanoparticles showed excellent biocompatibility, as assessed using a cytotoxicity assay. These findings demonstrate that zein-SC-FD nanoparticles can serve as an efficacious nanocarrier for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of pterostilbene.
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•Zein nanoparticles were stabilized by SC and FD using the pH-driven method.•Pterostilbene was efficiently encapsulated in zein-based composite nanoparticles.•Pterostilbene-loaded zein-SC-FD nanoparticles showed excellent colloidal stability.•Zein-SC-FD nanoparticles provided better protective effect on pterostilbene.•Zein-SC-FD nanoparticles improved in vitro bioaccessibility of pterostilbene.
The influence of an anionic marine polysaccharide (fucoidan) on the gastrointestinal fate of emulsified fish oils stabilized by different types of natural and synthetic emulsifier was examined: whey ...protein isolate (WPI); caseinate; lecithin; Tween 80. Oil-in-water emulsions in the absence and presence of fucoidan were passed through a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that included mouth, stomach, and small intestine phases. The change in droplet properties (particle size, charge, and organization) was measured throughout the GIT and the rate and extent of lipid digestion was measured in the small intestine phase. The presence of fucoidan increased the initial digestion rate of caseinate- and WPI-stabilized emulsions due to its ability to modulate lipid droplet aggregation. The fucoidan appeared to suppress isoelectric aggregation of the droplets, which increased the surface area of lipids available for the lipase molecules. On the other hand, the presence of fucoidan had little impact on the digestion of emulsions stabilized by lecithin or Tween 80, since it did not strongly impact the lipid droplet aggregation state. These results have important implications for the fabrication of functional foods and beverages that can control lipid digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.
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•The impact of fucoidan on the gastrointestinal fate of emulsions was studied.•The effect of fucoidan depended on emulsifier type used to stabilize oil droplets.•Fucoidan promoted digestion of protein-coated droplets by reducing flocculation.•Fucoidan had little impact on digestion of lecithin- or Tween 80-coated droplets.•Fucoidan addition may be used to modulate GIT fate of emulsions.
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•GNRs coated with the dual polymer is attractive for cancer therapy.•This is the first report on CS/F-GNRs as novel agents for photothermal therapy.•CS/F-GNRs under laser irradiation ...could completely ablate tumor in mice.•CS/F-GNRs as safe and highly efficient NIR photothermal agents for cancer therapy.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) using chitosan/fucoidan multilayer coating of gold nanorods (CS/F-GNRs) has emerged as an alternative strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, biocompatible CS/F-GNRs were synthesized as a new generation of photothermal therapeutic agents for in vivo cancer treatments owing to their good biocompatibility, photostability, and strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The CS/F-GNRs showed a good size distribution (51.87 ± 3.03 nm), and the temperature variation of the CS/F-GNRs increased by 54.4 °C after laser irradiation (1.0 W/cm2) for 5 min. The in vitro photothermal efficiency of CS/F-GNRs indicated that significantly more cancer cells were killed under laser irradiation at 1.0 W/cm2 for 5 min. On the 20th day of treatment, the MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in mice treated with CS/F-GNRs under laser irradiation had almost completely disappeared. Therefore, the biocompatible CS/F-GNRs have shown great promise as safe and highly efficient near-infrared photothermal agents for future cancer therapy.
The objective of this work is to fabricate zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles for the delivery of pterostilbene, a hydrophobic nutraceutical with diverse beneficial biological activities. ...Pterostilbene-encapsulated zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles were prepared using an anti-solvent precipitation method. The fucoidan levels affected the physicochemical properties of the composite nanoparticles. When the zein to fucoidan mass ratio was 10:1, 5:1, 2:1, or 1:1, the prepared zein/fucoidan nanoparticles were stable, and these nanoparticles showed higher pterostilbene encapsulation efficiency than did zein nanoparticles. Fucoidan-stabilized zein nanoparticles exhibited globular structure with average diameters of 120–150 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectrum analysis confirmed that the formation of composite nanoparticles was mainly driven by electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions between pterostilbene, zein, and fucoidan. Furthermore, the photochemical stability of pterostilbene encapsulated in zein/fucoidan nanoparticles was markedly better than that of pterostilbene loaded in zein nanoparticles or unencapsulated pterostilbene. Zein/fucoidan nanoparticles provided a better controlled release of pterostilbene than did zein nanoparticles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that zein/fucoidan nanoparticles were nontoxic to Caco-2, HK-2, and L-02 cells. Based on our results, the zein/fucoidan nanoparticles may be a promising delivery carrier for the encapsulation, protection, and release of pterostilbene.
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•Fucoidan was first used to stabilize zein nanoparticles by electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.•Zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles were prepared as a carrier for the delivery of pterostilbene.•Zein to fucoidan mass ratios influenced the physicochemical properties of composite nanoparticles.•The addition of fucoidan into composite nanoparticles improved the photochemical stability of pterostilbene.•Zein/fucoidan nanoparticles exhibited a controlled release of pterostilbene and no cytotoxicity.
•Several challenges have hampered fucoidan to be a GMP-compliant product and then FDA approval.•Heterogeneity, product quality, and ecological-related problems of fucoidan were discussed.•Novel ...opportunities toward homogenous production are presented.
Fucoidan has gained a great interest as a potential drug candidate against various diseases including anti-coagulant, anti-viral and anti-tumors activities. However, several challenges have hampered fucoidan to be a GMP-compliant product and then FDA approval. This review discussed fucoidan structure's heterogeneity, co-extracted contaminants, and ecological-related problems, which were considered as the major challenges faced fucoidan approval. Moreover, it presented novel opportunities toward homogenous production that gives high-quality, reliable and reproducible physico-chemical and clinical results. Among these opportunities are optimization of extraction and purification procedures, tissue culture techniques and enzymatic synthesis via heterologous expression of enzymes involved in its biosynthesis.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized with fucoidan, a natural sulfated polysaccharide. NP cellular uptake was quantified by magnetic measurement at various extracellular iron ...concentrations. Cell invasion and migration were reduced with NPs. Concomitantly, a high decrease of reactive oxygen species production related with a decrease of the matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity and an increase of its expression was observed. Proteomic analysis showed that some fucoidan regulated proteins appeared related to protein synthesis, N‐glycan processing, and cellular stress. These results pave the way for USPIO‐fucoidan‐NPs as potential theranostic nanotools for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. More information can be found in the Research Article by F. Geinguenaud et al.
Oral administration is a highly attractive approach for the delivery of protein drugs. However, oral protein therapeutics typically exhibit extremely poor bioavailability due to the harsh ...gastrointestinal (GI) environments and low permeability of protein across the intestinal barrier. Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) shows excellent mucoadhesive and absorption-enhancing properties while fucoidan (FD) has hypoglycemic effects and can prevent diabetes-related complications. Here we report, for the first time, that TMC combined with FD can be developed to a mutlifunctional nanoplatform for enhancing the transepithelial permeation of insulin through the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and inhibiting the α-glucosidase activity. TMC and FD self-assembled into spherical nanoparticles (NPs) for insulin encapsulation. TMC/FD NPs protected insulin against degradation by releasing insulin in a pH-dependent manner in the gastrointestinal tract fluids. The NPs were able to modulate the barrier function of the Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayer, and enhance paracellular transport of insulin across the intestinal barrier. TMC/FD NPs also showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an inhibition ratio of 33.2% at 2 mg/mL. The superior transepithelial absorption enhancing property of the TMC/FD NPs is expected to combine in the future with the functions of fucoidan against diabetes-related complications for development of advanced mutlifunctional therapeutic platforms for diabetes.
•Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase showed dose dependency.•Mechanism of action of fucoidan with these two enzymes was studied for first time.•IC50 values of fucoidan was less than ...acarbose.•Fucoidan, a potent dual inhibitor than acarbose based on in vitro and in silico results.
This study investigated the in vitro and in silico inhibitory properties of fucoidan extracted from Turbinaria conoides against α-amylase and α-D-glucosidase. Extracted fucoidan contained 59 and 35% of fucose and sulphate and was characterized using 1H NMR. Dose dependent inhibition assays showed maximum of 85 and 72% of inhibition for α-amylase and α-D-glucosidase at 2.07 and 1.03 μM concentration of fucoidan. The IC50 value of fucoidan was found to be 1.07 and 0.68 μM against α-amylase and α-D-glucosidase. In silico studies (grid based docking) by Schrödinger software revealed that fucoidan as a potent inhibitor for both α-amylase and α-D-glucosidase based on number of interactions, hydrogen bond length and binding energy. Furthermore, fucoidan fulfilled the pharmacokinetic properties thus promising to develop fucoidan as drug for type 2 DM.
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