Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector to the petroleum ...industry. The authors provide a unique discussion of new technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally appealing at the same time. It is an invaluable reference on natural gas engineering and the latest techniques for all engineers and managers moving to natural gas processing as well as those currently working on natural gas projects. * Provides practicing engineers critical information on all aspects of gas gathering, processing and transmission * First book that treats multiphase flow transmission in great detail * Examines natural gas energy costs and pricing with the aim of delivering on the goals of efficiency, quality and profit
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a commercially attractive phase of the commodity that facilitates the efficient handling and transportation of natural gas around the world. The LNG industry, using ...technologies proven over decades of development, continues to expand its markets, diversify its supply chains and increase its share of the global natural gas trade. The Handbook is a timely book as the industry is currently developing new large sources of supply and the technologies have evolved in recent years to enable offshore infrastructure to develop and handle resources in more remote and harsher environments. It is the only book of its kind, covering the many aspects of the LNG supply chain from liquefaction to regasification by addressing the LNG industries' fundamentals and markets, as well as detailed engineering and design principles.
As scientific and observational evidence on global warming piles up every day, questions of economic policy in this central environmental topic have taken center stage. But as author and prominent ...Yale economist William Nordhaus observes, the issues involved in understanding global warming and slowing its harmful effects are complex and cross disciplinary boundaries. For example, ecologists see global warming as a threat to ecosystems, utilities as a debit to their balance sheets, and farmers as a hazard to their livelihoods.
In this important work, William Nordhaus integrates the entire spectrum of economic and scientific research to weigh the costs of reducing emissions against the benefits of reducing the long-run damages from global warming. The book offers one of the most extensive analyses of the economic and environmental dynamics of greenhouse-gas emissions and climate change and provides the tools to evaluate alternative approaches to slowing global warming. The author emphasizes the need to establish effective mechanisms, such as carbon taxes, to harness markets and harmonize the efforts of different countries. This book not only will shape discussion of one the world's most pressing problems but will provide the rationales and methods for achieving widespread agreement on our next best move in alleviating global warming.
Driven by the impact of economic growth, urbanization, and national strategies for low-carbon development, the TNGC of urban households in China is growing rapidly. In this paper, the feasible ...generalized least square method is used to investigate the consumption of natural gas and the per capita natural gas consumption of urban residents in 30 provinces in China (not including central heating and the natural gas consumption of natural gas vehicles). We study the factors influencing natural gas consumption by urban residents in China and conduct scenario forecasting. The empirical results show that the impact coefficients of PNGs and household income on average natural gas consumption are − 0.895 and 0.222, respectively, while the impact coefficients of the NGP are − 0.603 and 0.346, respectively. The scenario forecast results show that the consumption of natural gas in Chinese households reached 75.469 billion cubic meters in 2025. China's natural gas season peak pressure will continue to increase. In response to this, the following three suggestions are proposed. (1) According to the price elasticity of natural gas, the Chinese government should adjust and improve the mechanism for the formation of PNGs for residents and promote the marketization of natural gas. (2) Accelerate the construction of natural gas reserves and allocate the natural gas supply according to regional differences in natural gas consumption to enhance China's natural gas peak shaving capacity. (3) Improve and optimize natural gas development plans to achieve coordinated development of natural gas supply and demand.
•We analyze the factors influencing changes in the average consumption of natural gas in households.•We analyze the factors influencing changes in the residential population who use natural gas.•The price and income will affect both the number of natural gas and the average household consumption.•We have found that China's natural gas season peaking pressure will continue to increase.
For many years, the trend of increasing energy demand has been visible. Despite the search for alternative energy sources, it is estimated that oil and natural gas will be the main source of energy ...in transport for the next several dozen years. However, the reserves of renewable raw materials are limited in volume. Along with the degree of depletion, oil recovery becomes more and more difficult, even though the deposits are not yet completely empty. Therefore, it is essential to find new methods to increase oil and gas recovery. Actions aimed at intensifying oil recovery are very rational use of energy that has not yet been fully used. Usually, an increase in oil recovery can be achieved by using extraction intensification methods. However, measures to increase oil recovery can be implemented and carried out at any stage of the borehole implementation. Starting from the well design stage, through drilling and ending with the exploitation of oil and gas. Therefore, in order to further disseminate technologies and methods related to increasing oil recovery, a special edition has been developed, entitled "Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery". This Special Issue mainly covers original research and studies on the above-mentioned topics, including, but not limited to, improving the efficiency of oil recovery, improving the correct selection of drilling fluids, secondary methods of intensifying production and appropriate energy management in the oil industry.
This paper reports on an investigation into the transient compressible flow physics that impacts transmission system operation under variable gas quality conditions. Gas quality issues are becoming ...more prominent due to the diversification of supplies, e.g. new LNG terminals, unconventional gas sources and decentralized green fuel injections (hydrogen, substitute natural gas). A comprehensive pipeline flow model with gas composition tracking resulting from the coupling of mass and chemical energy transport models has been developed to study the effect of the variation in gas composition on the operation strategy of the pipeline system. Three illustrative examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The first two examples present model validation on a field data concerning variable gas quality and variable demand conditions in the gas transmission system. The impact of hydrogen injection to the pipeline system on gas properties and flow characteristics is illustrated by the third example involving analysis of short-term scheduling with gas quality control. The results show that variable gas quality has a significant influence on the pipeline system inventory and peak capacity as the gas mixture compounds change and energy wave is introduced to the pipeline system.
•Transient thermo-hydraulic model for pipeline transportation of natural gas under variable gas quality conditions is proposed.•Chemical energy flow rate instead of volumetric flow rate is selected as a dependent variable.•Model validation on field data is carried out.•Operating strategy of the pipeline system with energy flow rate as a control variable is simulated.•Advantages of energy-based over volume-based approach are illustrated.
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•Reuse flowback water for hydraulic fracturing reduces the blue water footprint of shale gas development.•Reuse of flowback water for hydraulic fracturing could reduce the shale gas ...production.•Hydraulic fracturing with saline water changes the water salinity and chemistry of flowback water.•Tradeoff between reduction in fresh water utilization and shale gas productivity.
The increased water consumption for hydraulic fracturing and the volume of wastewater generated from shale gas and tight oil exploration are major environmental challenges associated with unconventional energy development. Recycling of the flowback and produced water for hydraulic fracturing is one of the solutions for reducing the water footprint of hydraulic fracturing and removing highly saline oil and gas wastewater. Here we investigated the implications of recycling saline wastewater for hydraulic fracturing by monitoring the natural gas production, flowback water volume, and the water quality of generated flowback water in shale gas wells from Changning gas field in Sichuan Basin, China. A comparison of two sets of shale gas wells, with six wells in each sub-group, from the same location in Changning gas field shows lower (~20%) natural gas production and higher flowback water volume (~18%) in wells that were fracked with recycled saline wastewater relative to wells that were fracked with fresh water after a year of production. Geochemical analysis suggests that hydraulic fracturing with saline wastewater increases the salinity of the wastewater and reduces the magnitude of water-shale rock interactions. In spite of the direct economic consequences in reduction in natural gas production from recycling of wastewater for hydraulic fracturing, in areas where water scarcity could become a limiting factor for future large-scale shale gas development, hydraulic fracturing with recycled flowback water can be more beneficial than utilization of limited freshwater resources, as long as the higher saline flowback water is fully recycled.
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