This article offers a contribution to the debate on rapid biodiversity loss. This loss is a problem for ecosystems and thus for the human race, and our legal system should be equipped to protect ...biodiversity. This article suggests a solution in the form of the attribution of limited legal personality to nonhuman species. The concept of legal personality has been altered many times throughout history to stay in line with prevalent ideas. By acknowledging nonhuman species as possessing limited legal personality, the concept will be altered once more to benefit both animals and ourselves. This change will have to come from bottom-up, through attribution by domestic courts. Domestic courts can be inspired by international biodiversity conventions while assessing domestic legislation. Animal welfare nongovernmental organizations are best equipped to appear as guardians of animal species, as animals are not able to defend their own rights in court. When the attribution is a general principle as recognized by civilized nations, it will become a source of international law.
In this paper author deals with the legality from two aspects: as legal principle and as legal argument. The legality as legal principle makes the most higher legal norms of the legal system which ...emphasis the basic values with all other legal norms must be in accordance. The lower legal actst must be in accordance with higher legal acts, so in the situation when lower legal acts make coutr decisions. That accordancce realieses when higher courts decide on violations of procedural and substantive law commited by lower courts, on which parties in legal remedies. Dealing with this violations jedges argument on the basis of argument of legality. Legality can be understood as an independent argumentor as one of the argument which proceeds from general principles.
The mechanism of the EU internal market has featured through economic interaction. The concept of rights and obligations of the EU institutions, Member States and economic actors in economic sphere ...are governed through general principles and norms. Since that, the EU protects a range of economic and social rights to balance between market interests and non-market interests on the basis of social market economy in the sense of Article 3 of TEU, in order to develop the sustainability of the EU single market. The EU health care service can be considered as a typical service sector with non-economic objectives in marketbased mechanisms. The importance and size of its market has grown, which can play a crucial role in market-based mechanisms. Therefore, The nature of market has characterized as a patchwork made up of various concepts and values. It is difficult to be analyzed simply in terms of cost and efficiency in applying and interpreting the relevant concept of competition law, and may also run inefficiently if relying based solely upon market economy. Although EU health sector is required through public intervention in order to result in optimized outcome, it is necessary to examine how the EU evaluates the economic nature of activities performed in the relevant service sector. In the case of the EU, the necessity of public intervention for the purpose of social service goal is not determined only by the concept of economic efficiency in light of anti-competitive behaviours under competition law, but rather holistically by the value of the general interests, solidarity and general principles of law. Furthermore, this article aims to shed light on the context embedded in EU norms that support to balance between protection of the health rights and legal basis of social service goals through public intervention, and examine the various social norms that are difficult to cover by the current principles of competition law by comparing legal constructive dialogue contained a range of social general interests and future direction. Then, it is reached the implications that can support to picture balanced solution among different service areas, which can ultimately suggest further direction on the development of Korean competition law.
Over the past several decades, sustainable development as a paradigm for balanced development has made its way into the constitutional regimes of many nations. The justiciability of sustainable ...development, however —particularly in the context of environmental legal protection— remains problematic for many legal systems, including Mexico. This article traces the evolution of sustainable development within an international context; analyzes its influence on treaties that led to the European Union; and evaluates the use of environmental protection by the European Union’s Court of Justice (referred to hereinafter as “ECJ”). An analysis of the interplay of the concept of sustainable development in the primary and secondary legislation of the European Union as interpreted by the ECJ leads us to the following conclusion: regarding the legal protection of the environment in the European Union, sustainable development may be viewed as a general principle of law that articulates a series of sub-principles contained in the treaties. These sub-principles include the precautionary principle and the “polluter-pays” principle. We also conclude that the unsystematic use of these sub-principles in the secondary legislation of the European Union weakens the ECJ’s coherent handling of the concept in its decisions. This article also suggests that Mexican judges would be well advised to carefully study sustainable development as employed by the ECJ in cases involving constitutional and international collective environmental claims which may arise under the recent amendments to the Amparo Law.
El concepto de desarrollo sustentable como paradigma para el desarrollo balanceado se ha arraigado en los regímenes constitucionales de diver-sos sistemas jurídicos nacionales durante las pasadas décadas. No obstante, la seguridad jurídica del concepto de desarrollo sustentable, particularmente en el contexto de la protección legal del ambiente, continúa siendo problemática para muchos sistemas jurídicos, incluyendo el mexicano. Este artículo traza la evolución del concepto de desarrollo sustentable en el orden jurídico internacional y estudia su incursión en los tratados que han dado paso a la Unión Europea, antes de enfocarse en el manejo del concepto en el contexto de la protección legal del ambiente por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. El análisis de la interacción del concepto de desarrollo sustentable entre la legislación primaria y secundaria de la Unión Europea, según interpretada por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, nos lleva a la conclusión de que, respecto a la protección legal del ambiente, el desarrollo sustentable puede visualizarse en el orden jurídico europeo como un principio general de derecho que articula una serie de sub-principios enunciados en los tratados, tales como el principio de precaución y el principio de que el contaminador paga. Concluimos también que la compleja utilización de esos principios en la legislación primaria y secundaria ha dado lugar a un problema de incoherencia en la formulación de la legislación secundaria que debilita el manejo coherente del concepto por el Tribunal de Justicia en sus decisiones. Este trabajo sugiere además que el estudio cuidadoso de la articulación del concepto de desarrollo sustentable por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea podría ser de ayuda a los magistrados mexicanos que tengan ante sí reclamos medio-ambientales colectivos de corte constitucional o inter-nacional, que por vez primera podrían ser acogidos en razón de las enmiendas recientes a la Ley de Amparo.
U ovom radu autor razmatra zakonitost s dva aspekta: kao pravno načelo i kao pravni argument. Zakonitost kao pravno načelo čine najviše pravne norme nekog sustava koje izražavaju temeljne vrijednosti ...s kojima moraju biti u skladu sve ostale pravne norme. Ono zahtijeva suglasnost nižih pravnih akata s višim pravnim aktima, pa tako i u situaciji kada su niži pravni akti sudske odluke. Ta suglasnost se ostvaruje kada sudovi višeg stupnja rješavaju o povredama procesnih i materijalnih odredaba počinjenim od strane nižih sudova na koje stranke ukazuju u pravnim lijekovima. Odlučujući o navedenim povredama sudovi argumentiraju, i to temeljem argumenta zakonitosti. Pri tome se zakonitost može shvatiti kao samostalan argument i kao jedan od argumenata općih načela prava (analogia iuris).
El objetivo del artículo consiste en determinar las acepciones de la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado previstas en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999. La ...metodología utilizada es la investigación documental, sustentada en el método analítico y la técnica del análisis de contenido. Las fuentes para la recolección de información atienden a tres ámbitos: constitucional, doctrinal y jurisprudencial. Se concluye que la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado es un sistema de acepciones entendido como valor superior, principio general del derecho público, deber constitucional del Estado en ejercicio de cualquier función pública, derecho subjetivo público de fuerza, rango o valor constitucional, garantía constitucional perteneciente al particular o administrado, integrante de cualquier sociedad democrática y de justicia, para exigir por vía administrativa o jurisdiccional la indemnización de daños y perjuicios, materiales y morales, causados en su situación jurídica--derecho subjetivo e interés legítimo o interés jurídico actual--o o en sus bienes muebles o inmuebles imputables al funcionamiento, normal o anormal, de los entes y órganos del Estado.El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia en Sala Político-Administrativa establece una doctrina jurisprudencial iuspublicista sobre las acepciones de la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado. El calificativo iuspublicista obedece a la circunstancia de que la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999 constituye el instrumento normativo contentivo de las determinadas acepciones o significados. Palabras clave: responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, Constitución, valor superior, principio general del derecho. The general objective of this article is to determine meanings for the non-contractual responsibility of the State contemplated in the 1999 Constitution of Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The methodology is documentary, supported by the analytical method and content analysis technique. Sources for gathering information come from three areas: constitutional, doctrinal and jurisprudential. Conclusions are that the extra-contractual responsibility of the State is a system of meanings understood as a higher value, a general principle of public law, a constitutional duty of the State in exercising any public function, a subjective public right with constitutional force, rank or value, a constitutional guarantee belonging to or administered by the individual person, member of any democratic and just society, to demand compensation for material and moral damages through administrative or judicial means caused to their legal status--subjective right and legitimate interest or current legal interest--or to their movable or immovable property, attributable to the normal or abnormal functioning of public administration. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice, in political and administrative cases, provides a jurisprudential public doctrine on the meanings of extra-contractual State responsibilities. The qualifier iuspublicista obeys the circumstance that the 1999 Constitution of Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela constitutes a normative instrument containing certain meanings. Keywords: Non-contractual responsibility of the State, Constitution, higher value, general principle of law.
Le principe de l’équilibre institutionnel a été utilisé par la Cour de justice depuis les origines de la construction européenne afin de réguler la répartition des pouvoirs entre les institutions des ...Communautés européennes puis de l’Union européenne. Cette thèse vise à établir une définition du principe en identifiant ses éléments constitutifs. La détermination de son champ d’application, tant matériel qu’organique, et de ses fonctions dans la jurisprudence permet d’y voir un principe général du droit s’appliquant à l’ensemble des institutions et organes de l’Union dotés d’un pouvoir de décision. Principe structurel, l’équilibre institutionnel garantit les éléments fondamentaux du système institutionnel de l’Union européenne, en particulier l’indépendance organique et la collaboration fonctionnelle des institutions. Il ne constitue pourtant pas un frein à l’évolution du système. Utilisé dans un nombre limité d’affaires, le principe pourrait être exploité de façon plus systématique par la Cour de justice. En tant qu’élément structurant de l’organisation horizontale des pouvoirs, il donne une clé de compréhension du système institutionnel de l’Union et de ses évolutions. Il pourrait s’appliquer à des problématiques nouvelles issues notamment du traité de Lisbonne, telles que la délimitation entre actes législatifs, actes délégués et actes d’exécution. Apte à appréhender l’ensemble des rapports de pouvoir entre institutions, le principe de l’équilibre institutionnel,entendu dans un rapport de compatibilité avec le principe de séparation des pouvoirs, pourrait constituer un fondement théorique du régime politique de l’Union européenne.
The principle of institutional balance has been used by the European Court of Justice in order to solve conflicts between European institutions about the distribution of powers. This dissertation elaborates a legal definition of the principle. This first includes an approach of its scope of application. The study of the functions of institutional balance in the Court’s caselaw allows understanding the normative impact of this principle. It is a general principle of law which applies to all institutions and organs having a role in the decision-making procedures established by the Treaties. As a structural principle, institutional balance is useful to understand the institutional system of the EU as a whole. It could be used by the Court in amore systematic way and applied to new issues of institutional law, brought for instance by the Lisbon Treaty. The new distinction between legislative acts, delegated acts and executive acts offers new grounds for legal hostilities that the principle could help to solve. As a general institutional principle, institutional balance can be compared to the principle of separation of powers and understood as a founding principle of the European Union political regime.
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