Fungal species belonging to the genus Penicillium are indigenous to a wide range of natural environments. Since the first published reports detailing the discovery of Penicillium , new species have ...been identified in various countries, including Korea. We present here a full characterization of five species of Penicillium that were previously unreported in Korea. Based on the morphologic characteristics and sequences of genes encoding fungal β -tubulin and calmodulin, we identified five Penicillium species, including P. hetheringtonii, P. sublectaticum, and P. jacksonii, which have been unrecorded in Korea, and confirming P. maximae and P. cremeogriseum, as the endophytic fungi isolated in Gyeongsang province, Korea. In this article, we provide detailed morphological descriptions of these fungal species.
Microorganisms were isolated from mango leaves of each developmental stage using the dilution plate method, and the shift of microflora during the developmental stages was examined. Furthermore, ...microflora in the atmosphere of the green house was investigated and compared with that in the phyllosphere. Due to the presence of bacteria, pigments were frequently isolated both in the air and leaves of each developmental stage. For the Gram stainability, the ratio of positive and negative was almost the same in the air, although Gram-negative bacteria predominated on living leaves and shifted to positive ones on litter leaves. As for the fungal flora, various kinds of fungi were collected in the air which showed a complex flora, while the flora on the leaves was simpler.CladosporiumandPenicilliumspecies were isolated from both air and leaves of each developmental stage. The bacterial and fungal isolates on the leaves or in the air were exposed toColletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of mango anthracnose and antagonistic ability was tested. Although a few fungi displayed a strong antagonism to bacteria, many fungi such as those from the genusPenicilliuminhibited hyphal growth of the pathogen, withP. citrinumandP. expansumshowing the strongest effect. It is concluded that the antifungal mechanism was due to antifungal substances because the culture filtrates of these fungi also showed a strong antagonism.
