Spatial inequality has drawn renewed scholarly interests and societal concerns. This paper reviews the literature on regional inequality, with a focus on spatiality of regional economic/income ...inequality, to make a timely contribution for a better understanding of the complexity and dynamics of spatial inequality. We find that existing theories disagree over temporal trends and underlying forces of regional inequality, and spatio-temporal models have been favored by economic geographers. It also shows that the research on regional inequality covers all continents of the world, including both developed and developing countries. The scope of research has also been broadened, expanding to household and environmental inequalities. The paper proposes components of spatiality of regional inequality, including scale, location, physical geography, place, space, spatial network, and spatial-temporal models. The paper also proposes areas for future research.
The number of people who send goods to each other makes delivery services very important. The development of internet technology has a great contribution to the community need for goods delivery ...services. For buying and selling goods business , it is not only limited to face-to-face but also be done through online media. This research was conducted using sampling technique namely convenience sampling with consideration of convenience, such as respondents who are easier to find by researchers (Sugiarto, 2011). Respondents in this study were Costumer s who use delivery service companies with the following criteria: Have used delivery services in the last six months. The number of respondents used was as many as 120 respondents with 22 types of attributes in the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the servqual variable and Costumer trust; there was no positive and significant effect between servicecape variables on Costumer trust; service quality on Costumer loyalty did not have a significant and positive effect; there was no effect of servicecape on Costumer loyalty; there was a positive and significant effect of the Costumer trust variable on Costumer loyalty.
Published by Distributed by StylusThis new edition reflects the dramatic changes that have taken place across the world in higher education in the decade since it first was published, and addresses ...how they specifically impact international education and inform the role of senior international officer (SIO) today.Declining public investment in higher education and a negative political climate have increasingly led to the commercialization of international education activities and the expectation they should pay for themselves by levying fees or seeking outside funding. In addition, todays international education leadership faces several contradictory realities. While inexorable trends in globalization continue to stimulate higher levels of participation in international study and exchange, its impacts such as increased migration, global terrorism and the populist resistance they have provoked are shifting institutional priorities from those of greater openness and global understanding to those of profitability and security.Facing these issues and the global competition for student talent at a time of declining enrollments; the impacts of technology; the increasing diversity on campus; pressures to partner across borders; changing emphases in institutional mission; and the expectations of both parents and students in gaining a global perspective during university studies, its clear that the key issue facing SIOs is managing change as colleges and universities seek to strengthen, professionalize, and centralize or in some cases decentralize their international offices.
This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic effects of globalization, renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on carbon-dioxide emission levels in Argentina ...over the 1970–2018 period. The econometric methodology considered in this study involved applications of methods that are robust to handling structural break problems in the data. Among the major findings, the Maki cointegration, with multiple structural breaks, analysis revealed long-run associations between carbon-dioxide emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, globalization, and economic growth. The elasticity estimates from the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model analysis showed evidence of renewable energy consumption and globalization reducing the emissions while non-renewable energy consumption was found to boost the emissions, both in the short- and long-run. Besides, globalization and renewable energy consumption were found to jointly reduce the emissions while globalization and non-renewable energy consumption were found to jointly boost the emissions in the long-run only. Moreover, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was also verified in this study. Based on these key findings, several critically important policies are recommended.
The interest on emerging economies and on their companies increased in the last decade. This recent movement does not mean the previous theories and models are useless, but we have to consider ...in-depth specific context factors and the management of companies from these economies. Thus, this paper analyzed the internationalization strategies used by six Brazilian companies by comparing them with some models of internationalization. The research approach was qualitative and interviews were conducted with professionals from the corporate management level. The companies were divided into three groups according to their time of internationalization (Group I--more than ten years, Group II between five and ten years, and Group III--less than five years). Groups I and III results: the motivations for companies' internalization was explained by economic models like Product Life Cycle Model (Vernon, 1966 and 1979) and the Eclectic Paradigm Model (Dunning, 1980, 1988 and 2000) and Uppsala Model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1979; 2009) explains, at least, the choice decisions of a few countries. As for the companies in Group II, the choices had more to do with the opportunities of the sector and the characteristics of products and services than economic and behavior. Key-words: Emerging economies. Internationalization strategies. Brazilian companies. O interesse pelas economias emergentes e por suas empresas aumentou na ultima decada. Esse movimento recente nao significa dizer que as teorias e modelos anteriores nao sejam uteis, porem e preciso analisar, de forma mais abrangente, uma serie de fatores especificos do contexto e da gestao desse tipo de empresa. Assim, neste artigo foram analisadas as estrategias de internacionalizacao utilizadas por seis empresas brasileiras, comparando-as com alguns dos modelos de internacionalizacao. A pesquisa e de abordagem qualitativa e foram feitas entrevistas em profundidade com profissionais do nivel de gerencia das empresas. As organizacoes foram divididas em tres grupos de acordo com seu tempo de internacionalizacao (Grupo I--mais de dez anos; Grupo II--entre cinco e dez anos; e Grupo III--menos de cinco anos). Observou-se que, para as empresas dos Grupos I e III, os modelos economicos de ciclo de vida do produto (Vernon, 1966 e 1979) e do paradigma ecletico (Dunning, 1980, 1988 e 2000) ajudam a explicar as motivacoes para a internacionalizacao e o modelo de Uppsala (Johanson & Vahlne, 1979, 2009) explica, pelo menos em parte, as decisoes de escolha de alguns poucos paises. Ja para as empresas do Grupo II, o modelo de ciclo de vida do produto nao e motivo para a internacionalizacao, as escolhas tiveram mais a ver com oportunidades do setor e caracteristicas dos produtos e servicos. Palavras-chave: Economias emergentes. Estrategias de internacionalizacao. Empresas brasileiras.
The interest on emerging economies and on their companies increased in the last decade. This recent movement does not mean the previous theories and models are useless, but we have to consider ...in-depth specific context factors and the management of companies from these economies. Thus, this paper analyzed the internationalization strategies used by six Brazilian companies by comparing them with some models of internationalization. The research approach was qualitative and interviews were conducted with professionals from the corporate management level. The companies were divided into three groups according to their time of internationalization (Group I--more than ten years, Group II between five and ten years, and Group III--less than five years). Groups I and III results: the motivations for companies' internalization was explained by economic models like Product Life Cycle Model (Vernon, 1966 and 1979) and the Eclectic Paradigm Model (Dunning, 1980, 1988 and 2000) and Uppsala Model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1979; 2009) explains, at least, the choice decisions of a few countries. As for the companies in Group II, the choices had more to do with the opportunities of the sector and the characteristics of products and services than economic and behavior.
This open access book compiles a series of chapters written by internationally recognized experts known for their in-depth but critical views on questions of resilience and food security. The book ...assesses rigorously and critically the contribution of the concept of resilience in advancing our understanding and ability to design and implement development interventions in relation to food security and humanitarian crises. For this, the book departs from the narrow beaten tracks of agriculture and trade, which have influenced the mainstream debate on food security for nearly 60 years, and adopts instead a wider, more holistic perspective, framed around food systems. The foundation for this new approach is the recognition that in the current post-globalization era, the food and nutritional security of the world’s population no longer depends just on the performance of agriculture and policies on trade, but rather on the capacity of the entire (food) system to produce, process, transport and distribute safe, affordable and nutritious food for all, in ways that remain environmentally sustainable. In that context, adopting a food system perspective provides a more appropriate frame as it incites to broaden the conventional thinking and to acknowledge the systemic nature of the different processes and actors involved. This book is written for a large audience, from academics to policymakers, students to practitioners. This is an open access book.
We study how globalization can differentially affect financial inclusion through the lens of microfinance. Based on an institutional logics perspective, we argue that MFIs embody both social logic ...and market logic with regard to provision of affordable microfinance loans. Speicially, social logic is amplified by greater social globalization and the stronger presence of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in the microfinance industry. In contrast, economic globalization catalyzes MFIs' market logic, leading to weaker or greater affordability of microfinance, depending on the relative strength of the profit-maximizing motive and real competition. We test these predictions by focusing on MFI interest-rate setting and using longitudinal data from 2030 MFI observations across 50 countries from 2002 to 2012. We find that country-level social globalization measure is negatively associated with the average MFI loan interest rates and that country-level economic globalization measure has an inverse U-shaped relationship with the average MFI loan interest rates. These results support our hypotheses and suggest a more nuanced view on how globalization affects affordability of microfinance.
•MFIs embody both social logic and market logic with regard to provision of affordable microfinance loans.•Social globalization increases the affordability of microfinance;•Economic globalization has a U-shaped relationship with the affordability of microfinance.•Stronger presence of non-profit organizations in the microfinance industry accelerates effect of social globalization.
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