The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the expansion rate of fruit area on the classification of fruit growth using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The fruit images used in this ...study were of Fuji and Aikanokaori apples. The images were taken every two weeks from the time the fruit began to swell to the time just before harvest. A growth level was manually assigned to each fruit image as a numerical value based on the date the image was taken. The fruit expansion rate of the fruit image was set from 0.462 to 6.000 in 13 stages, and the CNNs were trained for each fruit expansion rate. Test images were then classified using the learned CNNs, and the accuracy was high when the fruit expansion rate was 0.545 and 1.000 for Fuji and 0.500, 0.600, and 1.000 for Aikanokaori. In both cultivars, the accuracy decreased as the fruit expansion rate increased past 1.000. From these results, we inferred that CNNs refer to the fruit contour and the surrounding area and also to the color distribution of the whole fruit when classifying fruit growth. Because the accuracy was high when the fruit expansion rate was 1.000 in both cultivars, this study exemplified a growth evaluation application in which a fruit image with a fruit expansion rate of 1.0 was successfully extracted automatically. Moreover, the estimated growth rate was automatically displayed when the fruit was photographed with a smartphone.
Leaf photosynthesis is a powerful indicator for evaluating growth and tolerance to environmental stresses in tropical fruit trees; however, its measurement requires an expensive system. To examine ...the applicability of a new, low-cost, closed system for leaf photosynthetic measurement in tropical fruit trees, the photosynthetic rates of each two genotypes of 16 species were measured simultaneously using closed and open systems following accuracy evaluation by regression analysis with values from a standard open system as an explanatory variable. For all measurement combinations, significant and strong positive correlations were obtained with “Fair” accuracy. Photosynthetic rates tended to be overestimated in the closed system. Significant and strong positive correlations were observed for each species. Accuracy differed among species and measurement periods, with a tendency toward inferior accuracy at lower rates. The accuracy was sometimes inferior (“Poor” or “Fair”) for seven species, whereas the remaining species showed generally higher accuracy (“Good” or “Excellent”). Although the accuracy was “Good” for three species, the relationship between the two measurements varied between genotypes and periods. For seven species, the universal regression line was adopted for the relationship between two measurements, consequently demonstrating that the closed rapid gas-exchange system facilitated accurate (“Good”) and rapid ≈40 s/record) measurements.
To compare short- and long-term dentoalveolar, skeletal, and rotational changes evaluated by Björk's structural method of superimposition between children with Class II malocclusion treated by ...functional appliances and untreated matched controls.
Seventy-nine prepubertal or pubertal children (mean age, 11.57 ± 1.40 years) with Class II malocclusion were included. Thirty-four children were treated using an activator with a high-pull headgear (Z-activator), while 28 were treated using an activator without a headgear (E-activator). Seventeen untreated children were included as controls. Lateral cephalograms were obtained before treatment (T1), after functional appliance treatment (T2), and after retention in the postpubertal phase (T3). Changes from T1 to T2 and T1 to T3 were compared between the treated groups and control group using multiple linear regression analysis.
Relative to the findings in the control group at T2, the sagittal jaw relationship (subspinale-nasion- pogonion,
< 0.001), maxillary prognathism (sella-nasion-subspinale,
< 0.05), and condylar growth (
< 0.001) exhibited significant improvements in the Z- and E-activator groups, which also showed a significantly increased maxillary incisor retraction (
< 0.001) and decreased overjet (
< 0.001). Only the E-activator group exhibited significant backward rotation of the maxilla at T2 (
< 0.01). The improvements in the sagittal jaw relationship (
< 0.01) and dental relationship (
< 0.001) remained significant at T3. Condylar growth and jaw rotations were not significant at T3.
Functional appliance treatment in children with Class II malocclusion can significantly improve the sagittal jaw relationship and dental relationships in the long term.
Vibrio is a recognized fast‐growing bacterial genus, which is considered to be attractive for the development of next‐generation biotechnological workhorses. Here, three Vibrio strains FA1, FA2, and ...FA3, capable of growing rapidly in cost‐effective media, are isolated and systematically evaluated. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses are performed to reveal the underlying genetic differences between the strains and estimate their biotechnological potential. Studies of their phylogenetic tree, colinear visualization, and orthology uncover some difference in the gene content related to cell growth of the four Vibrio strains FA1, FA2, FA3, and ATCC 14048, which may explain growth superiority of the isolated strains. It is noted that there are more copies of several genes related to the DNA replication in the FA2 genome than in the other compared Vibrio strains. Furthermore, the genes responsible for amino synthesis are found, such as asD, within strains FA1 and FA2. Gene cluster cadABC, which relates to cell adaptation at acidic pH, only exists in strains FA1, FA2, and FA3. Finally, the wide spectra of substrates and genetic operability of these three isolated Vibrio strains are initially verified. This study provides excellent candidates for the development of next‐generation fast‐growing microbial workhorses, which may be very useful in synthetic biology.
Fast‐growing bacteria have big potential in being the next‐generation biotechnology workhorses. The growth comparison, comprehensive comparative genomic analysis, and the potential as biotechnology workhorses of three fast‐growing Vibrio strains are conducted. This study provides excellent candidates for the development of next‐generation fast‐growing microbial workhorses, which may be very useful in synthetic biology.
•Circulating IGFBP-1b is a negative index of growth for juvenile chum salmon.•Growth status of juveniles in wild was assessed using IGFBP-1b and IGF-I.•The use of multiple indices may stabilize ...growth evaluation in the field.
This study aimed to utilize circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1b as a negative index of growth to evaluate the growth status of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the ocean. First, rearing experiments using PIT-tagged juveniles were conducted to examine the relationship of circulating IGFBP-1b with growth rate of the fish in May and in June. The serum IGFBP-1b level negatively correlated with fish growth rate in both months, suggesting its utility as a negative index of growth. Next, the growth status of out-migrating juveniles in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan, was monitored for 3 years using the growth indices. Serum levels of IGF-I, a positive index of growth, in fish collected from the nearshore zone were low in May and high in June of all years. Levels of serum IGFBP-1b showed a trend opposite to that of serum IGF-I. However, the IGF-I/IGFBP-1b molar ratios well reflected the seasonal and regional trends. These findings suggest that the juveniles in June left the nearshore area under better growth conditions. The present study also suggests that the use of multiple growth indices would improve the sensitivity and accuracy to evaluate the current growth status of out-migrating juvenile chum salmon.
In the context of rapid urbanization, the spread of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is intensifying, which has an impact on the green and sustainable development of these cities. It is ...necessary to establish an accurate urban sprawl measurement system. First, the regulation theory of urban sprawl is explained. According to the actual development situation of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, smart growth theory is selected as the basic regulation method of urban sprawl. Second, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm under deep supervised learning is applied to construct a smart evaluation model of land use growth. Finally, based on the actual development of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the quantitative growth measurement method is selected to construct a measurement system of urban sprawl in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the empirical analysis is carried out. The training results show that the proposed BPNN smart growth evaluation model, based on deep supervised learning, has good evaluation accuracy, and the error is within the preset range. The analysis of the quantitative growth-based measurement system in the increase of urban construction land shows that the increase in urban construction land area of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2019 was 78.67 km
. Meanwhile, the increases in urban construction land area in different years are different. The empirical results show that the population composition of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the urban construction area between 2005 and 2019 show a trend of increasing annually; at the same time, urban sprawl development shows a staged characteristic. It is of great significance to apply deep learning fusion neural network algorithm in the construction of the urban sprawl measurement system, which provides a quantitative basis for the in-depth analysis and discussion of urban sprawl.
Micro-enterprises are critical to the national economy in many countries, although they have many limitations. Therefore, governments have proposed many policies and programs to generate and enhance ...micro-enterprises’ growth to assure national economies’ growth and sustainability. This study evolves an index to evaluate growth in science and technological innovation among micro-enterprises that participated in collaborative innovation through a counselling program. The results not only define growth indicators through a literature review but also examine evidence of growth among 10 micro-enterprises through interviewing subjects located in various regions in Taiwan and related to different industries. This study uses multiple case study methods and data statistics to verify growth indicators; this reveals that micro-enterprises focusing on collaborative technological innovation demonstrated an increasing trend toward this study’s chosen growth indicators in a majority of cases. According to the survey results, nine indicators lead to positive growth. Finally, after establishing growth assessment indicators, the data collected from an empirical investigation proves the indicators’ credibility. The study then discusses the chosen cases’ experiences with growth and presents managerial implications.
Introduction: The present study was aimed to assess the amount and direction of growth in cranial base, jaws, and soft tissue of airway structures by cephalometric analysis in 9-11-years-old Iranian ...girls and boys. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four Iranian children with normal occlusion and class I molar relationships were recruited, and 2 lateral cephalograms were obtained from 9 and 11-year-old children Cephalometric variables included variables defining cranial base length and angle, maxillomandibular length and height, dental relationship, head and cervical position, soft palate and tongue, vallecula and hyoid position, and pharyngeal dimension. Normal distribution was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis (P>0.05). Paired t-test was used for assessing growth changes. P value was set at 0.05. Results: Anterior, posterior, and total cranial base length were increased significantly. The increase in total and upper anterior, total and lower posterior facial heights, ramus height, and palatal inclination were statistically significant. Maxillomandibular length increased significantly with insignificant change in their position. Dental relationship and head and cervical posture were stable. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal anteroposterior dimension did not change. However, hypopharynx sagittal length increased significantly. Nasopharyngeal vertical dimension increased and hyoid moved anteriorly and inferiorly. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that cranial base and jaws grow anteriorly and inferiorly while maintaining dental occlusion and head posture. Most of the airway structures grow simultaneously with craniofacial components.
To obtain the distribution of different maxilla-mandibular characteristics in Chinese skeletal class II mixed dentition patients and to compare the differences of cephalometric variables among ...different maxilla-mandibular types.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 skeletal class II patients in mixed dentition. The patients were divided into 6 groups according to SNA and SNB angle of the cephalogram. A total of 38 cephalometric measurements were measured on their cephalograms. Differences among groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance.
There were 34 (10.97%) patients in group I, 10 (3.23%) in group II, 4(1.29%) in group III, 69 (22.26%) in group IV, 133 (42.90%) in group V, and 60 (19.35%) in group VI. In all, 14.19% of the patients exhibited maxillary protrusion (MxP), and 62.26% exhibited mandibular retrusion (MnR) with either normal or retruded maxilla. Groups II and III were excluded for statistical comparison due to a limited sample size. Statistical differences were found in 25 cephalometric measurements among the other 4 groups. Patients with MnR (groups V and VI) exhibited bigger sella angle, gonial angle, Frankfort mandibular plane angle, and smaller mandibular body length and ramus height than patients without MnR (
value < 0.05).
The most common etiology forming skeletal class II malocclusion in Chinese children was MnR, which was mainly caused by the small size and hyperdivergent growth direction of mandible.
The study presents various cephalometric characteristics of Chinese skeletal class II malocclusions. The results indicated that for the early orthodontic treatment of Chinese class II children with mixed dentition, orthodontists might emphasize more importance to mandibular length augmentation and growth direction change in mandible.
The assessment of fatigue is a crucial concern in welded components and structures. This study investigates the fatigue properties and models for predicting fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V titanium ...alloy when processed by vacuum brazing with TiCuNi filler. Fatigue properties and the impact of the stress ratio were determined through constant amplitude fatigue tests. By utilizing the results obtained from variable amplitude fatigue tests, various prediction models for fatigue crack growth were examined: modifications for load interaction, residual stress, and crack closure. The results indicate that the microstructures in the brazed zone consist of numerous fine, elongated needle-like Widmanstätten structures. In terms of cycle counting methods, the rainflow method outperforms the simple-range method. In the stable crack growth rate region, fatigue crack growth rate increases with the rise in stress ratio in a manner similar to high-strength steels. The Paris model without any modification obtains good predictions. For models modified with crack closure, the Elber model yields slightly better prediction results than the Schijve model. Among fatigue crack growth prediction models, the Willenborg model with residual stress modification produces the best results. Fracture surfaces within fatigued specimens’ brazed zones exhibit ductile failure characteristics, where fatigue striations and secondary cracks were observed.
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