To provide a more detailed assessment of the growth of twins, the individual second trimester growth patterns of six fetal parameters HC, AC, FDL, ThC, head cube (A) and abdominal cube (B) were ...studied in fourteen sets of normal twins (six monozygotic and eight dizygotic) and sixteen normal singletons using the Rossavik growth model P = c(t)(k + s(t). Comparisons of start points and coefficient c values indicated no statistically significant differences in the growth processes of twins and singletons in early pregnancy and no detectable effect of zygocity. Comparisons of second trimester growth within sets of twins and randomly paired singletons revealed the presence of differences in feto-placental support. A significant effect of differences in genetic growth potential or maternal support could not be demonstrated, however. These results suggest that with respect to growth, normal twins in the second trimester can be treated as two singletons in the same mother.
Zusammenfassung: Dieser Übersichtsartikel konzentriert sich auf Wachstumsuntersuchungsmethoden des menschlichen Kopfhaares im Hinblick auf eine klinisch bedeutsame Beurteilung des Haarverlustes. Das ...Phänomen des Haarausfalls ist das endgültige Resultat von den komplexen Ereignissen des Haarzyklus, in dem es zu einer defekten Haarneubildung gekommen ist. Das methodische Spektrum der Untersuchungen reicht von stark invasiven bis zu weniger invasiven Ansätzen. Die Untersuchungsmethoden sollen hier mit all ihren Stärken und Schwächen betrachtet werden und werden vor allem in Bezug auf ihre potenzielle Anwendung in einer Haut‐ oder Haarklinik diskutiert. Mit den erst kürzlich entwickelten hoch auflösenden, nicht‐invasiven analytischen Methoden kann fast jeder Aspekt des dynamischen Haarwachstums und Haarverlustes betrachtet werden, außerdem ermöglichen diese eine Kalibrierung der bisher mehr allgemeinen Messmethoden. In diesem Artikel wird von dem Autor die Meinung vertreten, dass im Hinblick auf das Monitoring von guten und schlechten Haarwachstumsveränderungen, wie Haarwachstum und ‐verlust, eine Kombination der hoch auflösenden analytischen Messmethoden mit einer allgemeinen Kalibrierungsmethode für eine Klinik am empfehlenswertesten zu sein scheint.
Summary: This review on hair growth measurement methods focuses on human scalp hair in the context of clinically relevant assessment of hair loss. This phenomenon is the end result of a complex combination of events closely associated with hair cycling followed by defective hair replacement. The methodological spectrum ranges from the most to the least invasive approach. All the measurement methods referred to are critically reviewed with their strong and weaker aspects in view of their potential application in the skin and hair clinic. The existence of recently developed highly resolutive non‐invasive analytical methods capable of exploring almost every aspect of the dynamics of this growth and loss phenomenon allowed calibration of more global scoring method. From this review, the author concludes that a combination of a highly resolutive analytical approach with a global calibrated method seems advisable in the context of the monitoring of hair growth changes for better or worse i. e. scalp hair growth or hair loss in the hair clinic.
Cross sectional curves and individual fetal growth curves standards from the Rossavik growth model P = c(t)(k + s(t were generated for abdominal and head circumferences, femur diaphysis length and ...estimated fetal weight from a sample of 59 women with twin pregnancy. These curves were compared to their counterparts in singleton pregnancies. Cross sectional curves of the four fetal anatomic parameters under study fell progressively below the curves for singletons during the last trimester of gestation. In contrast, there were few differences between individual fetal groWth curve standards for twin and singleton pregnancies. In 11 of the 59 patients, both methods were used to evaluate fetal growth in the last trimester of gestation. In 5 of these patients, fetal growth was normal by both methods in all 10 fetuses. In the 6 other patients, there were 3 fetuses with abormal estimated fetal weights (EFWs) by both population and individual standards. However, 3 fetuses had abnormal EFW's by populations standards but not by individual standards while the EFW of another fetus was abnormal by individual standards but not by population standards. These results illustrate that the cross-sectional approach to the assessment of growth in twins can be misleading and may lead to incorrect conclusions concerning the growth of these fetuses.
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This paper presents new equity valuation formulae in closed form that extend the abnormal earnings growth (AEG) valuation of Ohlson 2005. "On Accounting-Based Valuation Formulae." Review of ...Accounting Studies 10: 323-347 to the cases of time-varying or stochastic cost of capital as in Ang and Liu 2004. "How to Discount Cash Flows with Time-Varying Expected Returns." Journal of Finance 59 (6): 2745-2783 or to cases of stochastic interest rates as in Ang and Liu 2001. "A General Affine Earnings Valuation Model." Review of Accounting Studies 6: 397-425. Interest rates are modelled by quadratic term structure models, which are not hindered by restrictions to factors correlation or by other shortcomings of affine term structure models in discounting long-term earnings. This is crucial since valuation can be very sensitive to the correlation between the factors driving earnings and interest rates. Positive correlation reduces price-earnings ratios according to US data. Valuation is also sensitive to the 'volatility' of abnormal earnings growth. The residual earnings risk-neutral valuation of Ang and Liu (2001) is adapted to quadratic term structure models.
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