Durante muchos años se han estudiado los factores de los que depende la lateralidad humana, no habiéndose podido establecer ningún resultado concluyente hasta el momento. El deporte es un ámbito en ...el que frecuentemente se pretenden realizar cambios en la lateralidad. Encontramos estudios que afirman que la dominancia lateral se puede cambiar mediante el entrenamiento y la aplicación de técnicas de modificación de la conducta motriz (Bilbao & Oña, 2006). Pretendemos obtener una visión general del tratamiento de la lateralidad en el entrenamiento de la Gimnasia Rítmica, basado en las opiniones y experiencias de entrenadoras y entrenadores. Para la recogida de información se diseñó un cuestionario, participando 83 personas. El análisis permitió describir el tratamiento que en el entrenamiento de Gimnasia Rítmica se da a la lateralidad. El uso de los miembros contralaterales propiciado en el entrenamiento es relativamente frecuente (60%), pero no suele producir cambios en el lado hábil.
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of developmental gymnastics on motor fitness in preschool girls. This study was performed on a sample of 56 healthy preschool girls that were ...divided into two groups, a developmental training group and a control group. Motor fitness tests were used from several test batteries: the 20m dash, Obstacle course backwards, Standing broad jump, Arm plate tapping, Seated straddle stretch, Bent arm hang, Sit ups. The basic characteristics of developmental gymnastic training process consisted of station and circuit work and obstacle courses two times a week lasting for 60 min with intensity around 160-180bpm. After the training intervention, the training group showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in almost all the parameters analyzed (e.g., Obstacle course backwards; Standing broad jump; Arm plate tapping; Bent arm hang and Sit ups) compared with pretest values, with percentages of change and ES ranging from 13.3% to 48.2% and 0.64 (moderate) to 1.20 (large), respectively. No significant changes were observed in the control group after the training intervention except for the standing broad jump and arm plate tapping (p < 0.05). This study provides evidence on the effectiveness of developmental gymnastics programs for the optimal development of young children’s motor fitness.
Artistic gymnastics is generally determined by the rules of the gymnastics Code of Points and long-term processes of learning gymnastics skills. Though intensive, the career of women gymnasts is ...relatively short, so with the goal of prolonging it the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG-a) prescribes junior women gymnasts should apply easier dismounts than senior gymnasts. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of junior routines (N=88) and their differences in relation to senior routines (N=85) by analysing the variables: difficulty score (DS), execution score (ES), total score of each apparatus (TOTAL) and all-around final score (EPTOTAL), achieved at the 2012 European Championship (Brussels). The study established significant differences between the samples in almost all the analysed scores.
La Gimnasia Rítmica es un deporte en el que el rendimiento en la competición se rige por criterios especificados en el código de puntuación y depende de cuatro componentes: dificultad corporal, ...dificultad de aparato, ejecución artística y ejecución técnica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar cuál de estos componentes es el más significativo en el rendimiento en un ejercicio individual y si el nivel de la competición, la categoría (edad de las gimnastas), o el aparato con el que se realiza el ejercicio, modifica su comportamiento. Para la realización del estudio se contó con las puntuaciones obtenidas en 2378 ejercicios de competición individual, pertenecientes a tres niveles de rendimiento distintos, y a cuatro categorías de edad. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables estudiadas, la correlación de Pearson para determinar la asociación entre las diferentes variables, y un análisis de regresión lineal simple para conocer la magnitud de los efectos de las variables sobre la nota final. Los resultados encontrados indican que los componentes más importantes en la composición de los ejercicios para obtener una puntuación más alta fueron, primer lugar la nota de dificultad de aparato, después la nota de dificultad corporal y en tercer lugar la nota de ejecución técnica, siendo casi irrelevante la nota de ejecución artística. Atendiendo a estos resultados, las estrategias de entrenamiento deberían dirigirse hacia la exploración del potencial de las gimnastas en las dificultades de aparato, así como optimizar la composición de los ejercicios en función de este componente.
Palabras clave: gimnasia rítmica, análisis del rendimiento, código de puntuación, ejercicios individuales.
Abstract. Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sport in which competition performance is governed by criteria specified in the scoring code and depends on four components: body difficulty, apparatus difficulty, artistic execution and technical execution. The objective of the present study was to identify which of these components is the most significant in the performance in an individual exercise and if the level of the competition, the category (age of the gymnasts), or the apparatus with which the exercise is performed, modify their behavior. To carry out the study, the scores obtained in 2378 individual competition exercises were used, belonging to 3 different performance levels, and to four age categories. A descriptive analysis of the studied variables was carried out, the Pearson correlation to determine the association between the different variables, and a simple linear regression analysis to know the magnitude of the effects of the variables on the final grade. The results found indicate that the most important components in the composition of the exercises to obtain a higher score were, firstly, the apparatus difficulty score, then the body difficulty score, and in third place the technical execution score, being almost the note of artistic execution is irrelevant. Based on these results, training strategies should be directed towards exploring the gymnasts potential in apparatus difficulties, as well as optimizing the composition of the exercises based on this component.
Key words: rhythmic gymnastics, performance analysis, code of points, individual exercises.
How the Cold War era changed the trajectory of women's gymnastics
Electrifying athletes like Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci helped make women’s artistic gymnastics one of the most popular events in ...the Olympic Games. But the transition of gymnastics from a women’s sport to a girl’s sport in the 1970s also laid the foundation for a system of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of gymnasts around the world. Georgia Cervin offers a unique history of women's gymnastics, examining how the high-stakes diplomatic rivalry of the Cold War created a breeding ground for exploitation. Yet, a surprising spirit of international collaboration arose to decide the social values and image of femininity demonstrated by the sport. Cervin also charts the changes in style, equipment, training, and participants that transformed the sport, as explosive athleticism replaced balletic grace and gymnastics dominance shifted from East to West.
Sweeping and revelatory, Degrees of Difficulty tells a story of international friction, unexpected cooperation, and the legacy of abuse and betrayal created by the win-at-all-cost attitudes of the Cold War.
Background:
The prevalence of wrist pain among gymnasts ranges from 46% to 79%. To alleviate wrist pain, gymnasts wear wrist guards/supports (WG/S).
Purpose:
To investigate the effect of WG/S on the ...wrist joint through joint moment, angles, total joint range of motion (ROM) arc, and ground-reaction force (GRF).
Study Design:
Controlled laboratory study.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate 23 female gymnasts (mean ± SD: age, 12.3 ± 1.5 years; height, 143.4 ± 7.6 cm; mass, 37.7 ± 6.6 kg; body mass index, 18.6 ± 2.9) who performed back handsprings (analyzed by first half phase 1 and second half phase 2) with the following 3 conditions: no WG/S, Skids/Ultimate Wrist Supports (S/UWS), and Tiger Paws (TP). Wrist joint moments, angles, total ROM arc, and GRF were examined by the 3 conditions using analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and effect size (Cohen d).
Results:
For mean wrist flexion moment, both S/UWS and TP showed significantly higher values than the no-WG/S condition in landing phase 1 (S/UWS: P = .001, d = 1.30; TP: P = .019, d = 0.87). In angle comparisons in landing phase 1, no WG/S showed greater mean wrist extension angles compared with S/UWS (P = .046; d = 0.80), but no significant differences with TP (P = .096; d = 0.65). Also, in landing phase 1, total ROM arc of the right wrist was greater in the no-WG/S condition compared with S/UWS (P = .018; d = 0.88), but there were no differences with TP (P = .400; d = 0.52).
Conclusion:
These data show an increased wrist flexion moment using S/UWS and TP compared with the no-WG/S condition in landing phase 1 of back handsprings. Also, increased wrist extension angles and total arc ROM of the right wrist were found in the no-WG/S condition compared with S/UWS, but not with TP in landing phase 1. S/UWS may be helpful to reduce wrist joint angles, specifically wrist extension in landing phase 1, but both S/UWS and TP caused higher wrist flexion joint moment in landing phase 1. There were no differences found in GFG among the three variables.
Clinical Relevance:
In the first half of the back handspring, wrist guards can limit wrist extension joint angles and total arc ROM; however, an increased wrist flexion moment was found when wrist guards were worn, which may potentially lead to an increased risk of injury. Injury history, especially overuse signs/symptoms, and previous surgery on the wrist joint need to be well considered before the application or use of wrist guards. Also, the amount of time/exposure wearing wrist guards should be carefully controlled in young female gymnasts.
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