Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in ...America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children's dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factors?their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environments?all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth . This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy.
Cheap meat Gewertz, Deborah; Errington, Frederick
2010., 20100109, 2010, 2010-02-08, 20100101
eBook, Book
Cheap Meat follows the controversial trade in inexpensive fatty cuts of lamb or mutton, called “flaps,” from the farms of New Zealand and Australia to their primary markets in the Pacific islands of ...Papua New Guinea, Tonga, and Fiji. Deborah Gewertz and Frederick Errington address the evolution of the meat trade itself along with the changing practices of exchange in Papua New Guinea. They show that flaps—which are taken from the animals’ bellies and are often 50 percent fat—are not mere market transactions but evidence of the social nature of nutrition policies, illustrating and reinforcing Pacific Islanders’ presumed second-class status relative to the white populations of Australia and New Zealand.
In his new history of food, acclaimed historian Massimo Montanari traces the development of medieval tastes—both culinary and cultural—from raw materials to market and captures their reflections in ...today's food trends. Tying the ingredients of our diet evolution to the growth of human civilization, he immerses readers in the passionate debates and bold inventions that transformed food from a simple staple to a potent factor in health and a symbol of social and ideological standing. Montanari returns to the prestigious Salerno school of medicine, the "mother of all medical schools," to plot the theory of food that took shape in the twelfth century. He reviews the influence of the Near Eastern spice routes, which introduced new flavors and cooking techniques to European kitchens, and reads Europe's earliest cookbooks, which took cues from old Roman practices that valued artifice and mixed flavors. Dishes were largely low-fat, and meats and fish were seasoned with vinegar, citrus juices, and wine. He highlights other dishes, habits, and battles that mirror contemporary culinary identity, including the refinement of pasta, polenta, bread, and other flour-based foods; the transition to more advanced cooking tools and formal dining implements; the controversy over cooking with oil, lard, or butter; dietary regimens; and the consumption and cultural meaning of water and wine. As people became more cognizant of their physicality, individuality, and place in the cosmos, Montanari shows, they adopted a new attitude toward food, investing as much in its pleasure and possibilities as in its acquisition.
Efforts to guide peoples' behavior toward environmental sustainability, good health, or new products have emphasized informational and attitude change strategies. There is evidence that changing ...attitudes leads to changes in behavior, yet this approach takes insufficient account of the nature and operation of habits, which form boundary conditions for attitude-directed interventions. Integration of research on attitudes and habits might enable investigators to identify when and how behavior change strategies will be most effective. How might attitudinally driven behavior change be consolidated into lasting habits? How do habits protect the individual against the vicissitudes of attitudes and temptations and promote goal achievement? How might attitudinal approaches aiming to change habits be improved by capitalizing on habit discontinuities and strategic planning? When and how might changing or creating habit architecture shape habits directly? A systematic approach to these questions might help move behavior change efforts from attitude change strategies to habit change strategies.
The Palaeozoic bryozoan Order Fenestrata is represented almost exclusively by erect unilaminate forms, most of which consist of a fan-shaped, conical or spiral reticulate meshwork. Fewer taxa ...developed pinnate or branching growth habits, and encrusting or bifoliate colonies occurred only exceptionally. Fenestrate disparity apparently peaked and then declined within the Devonian with the appearance of singular encrusting, bifoliate and large branching-conical morphologies in the Emsian and their decline in diversity in the Eifelian, together with the proliferation and morphological diversification of superstructures lying above the meshwork. In contrast, conventional reticulate and pinnate growth habits show a wider stratigraphical range and geographical distribution. Colony shapes are interpreted in terms of zooid-generated feeding currents; the most common morphologies are inferred to have developed more effective unidirectional feeding currents. The ephemeral Devonian encrusting, bifoliate and branching-conical fenestrates, all of them with superstructures, have features that hindered or prevented unidirectional water flow. Except for the subcolonies of Ernstipora, there is no evidence of chimneys or maculae in fenestrates such as those commonly present in other bryozoan groups with these habits, so it can be concluded that these fenestrate forms did not develop bidirectional currents that would have enhanced the efficiency of feeding activity. Unidirectional feeding currents were universal in Palaeozoic fenestrates; optimization of colony shape for colony-wide currents was a major factor limiting the morphological disparity within this group of bryozoans.
•Occurrence of new, rare colony shapes increased fenestrate disparity in the Devonian.•No evidence of maculae indicating bidirectional flow has been found in fenestrates.•Morphology of some rare forms reduced efficiency of unidirectional feeding currents.•Interactions between fenestrate colony shape and feeding currents limited disparity.
COVID-19 Prevention via the Science of Habit Formation Harvey, Allison G.; Armstrong, Courtney C.; Callaway, Catherine A. ...
Current directions in psychological science,
04/2021, Volume:
30, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to claim lives worldwide. We propose that the science of habit formation offers strategies to increase adherence to COVID-19 prevention behaviors and ...has the potential to be lifesaving, particularly for high-risk groups. Eight elements of habit formation are highlighted here: addressing incorrect beliefs, setting goals, devising an action plan, establishing contextual cues, adding reinforcement, engaging in repetition, aiming for automaticity, and recognizing that change is difficult. In addition, we offer a set of strategies for forming new habits and eliminating existing habits to contain the spread of COVID-19. These strategies are derived from habit-formation principles and behavior-change techniques and can inform future research on treatment development. With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging, there is currently an urgent need to jump-start the state of knowledge on habit-formation processes and interventions.
This study investigates a popular theory of tourist motivation – the travel career pattern – and contrasts it against an alternative explanation – that childhood travel habits repeat throughout life. ...The key distinction is that the travel career pattern predicts change, whereas habit predicts repetition. This study tests competing hypotheses, using self-reported childhood and adulthood travel experiences, behaviours and motivations. Results point to childhood travel behaviour repeating as adult travel behaviour, supporting the key role of habit as a driver of travel behaviour. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our theoretical understanding of determinants of travel behaviour, which implies that habits could be used as leverage points for behavioural change in tourism.
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•We re-examine the travel career pattern for its validity.•Empirical results do not support the key hypotheses of the travel career pattern.•We propose, instead, that childhood travel behaviour drives adult travel behaviour.•Empirical results support childhood travel behaviour driving adult travel behaviour.•Childhood travel behaviours could be leveraged to change adult travel behaviours.
Habitual behavior is often hard to change because of a lack of self-monitoring skills. Digital technologies offer an unprecedented chance to facilitate self-monitoring by delivering feedback on ...undesired habitual behavior. This review analyzed the results of 72 studies in which feedback from digital technology attempted to disrupt and change undesired habits. A vast majority of these studies found that feedback through digital technology is an effective way to disrupt habits, regardless of target behavior or feedback technology used.
Unfortunately, methodological issues limit our confidence in the findings of all but 14 of the 50 studies with quantitative measurements in this review. Furthermore, only 4 studies tested for (and only 3 of those 4 found) sustained habit change, and it remains unclear how feedback from digital technology is moderated by receiver states and traits, as well as feedback characteristics such as feedback sign, comparison, tailoring, modality, frequency, timing and duration. We conclude with recommendations for new research directions.
•Feedback through digital technology can disrupt undesirable habits.•However, it remains unclear whether this disruption leads to durable habit change.•The effect of feedback characteristics and user states and traits remain understudied.•Findings from this review can be used to inform the development of feedback-based products.
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