HoBi‐like pestivirus is an emerging atypical pestivirus in cattle and small ruminants, causing clinical signs similar to those observed in bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections. Natural infection ...of HoBi‐like pestivirus has been reported in cattle herds and small ruminants in multiple countries in South America, Europe and Asia. However, HoBi‐like pestiviruses were only identified from contaminated bovine serum and small ruminants in China. So far, no clinical cases induced by HoBi‐like pestivirus infection were reported in Chinese cattle herds. Here, for the first time, we reported natural infection of HoBi‐like pestivirus in a cattle herd in China. Sick cattle with severe respiratory and diarrhoea and high fatality rate were found in a beef cattle herd in Shandong province in November 2017. RT‐PCR, viral isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the primary causative agent was HoBi‐like pestivirus. The isolated HoBi‐like pestivirus strain, SDJN‐China‐2019, shared 94.1%–97.5% homology with the LV168‐20_16RN strain from Brazil in nucleotide of 5′UTR, Npro and E2 while it shared only 88.5%–92.1% homology with Asian HoBi‐like virus strain Th/04‐Khonkaen. Multiple unique mutations of amino acid were observed in Npro and E2 proteins of SDJN‐China‐2019, which were different from that of other reference strains. In summary, this study provides the first evidence of HoBi‐like pestivirus infection in Chinese cattle herds, raising potential threat to the cattle industry in China.
Summary
Pestivirus infections in ruminants result in significant economic losses worldwide. The aetiological agents are three species from the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, including bovine ...viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV‐1), BVDV‐2, border disease virus (BDV), and an atypical pestivirus named HoBi‐like pestivirus. In this study, eighty‐nine pestivirus isolates that were collected in Brazil between 1995 and 2014 and that originated from either cattle, fetal bovine serum (FBS) or as cell culture contaminants were genotyped based on a comparison of gene sequences from their 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTR), N‐terminal autoprotease (Npro) and envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2). Of these isolates, 53.9% of the sequences were genotyped as BVDV‐1, 33.7% as BVDV‐2 and 12.4% as HoBi‐like pestivirus. The prevalence of subgenotypes within the species was as follows: BVDV‐1a (35.9%), BVDV‐2b (31.4%), BVDV‐1b (10.1%), BVDV‐1d (6.7%), BVDV‐2c (2.2%) and BVDV‐1e (1.1%). BVDV‐2c and BVDV‐1e were detected for the first time in Brazil. This study revealed extensive genetic diversity among Brazilian pestivirus isolates, and the combination of pestiviruses that was detected is unique to Brazil. This information may serve as a foundation for designing and evaluating diagnostic tools and in the development of more effective vaccines; therefore, it may potentially contribute to pestivirus control and eradication.
Recently, solving tensor equations (or multilinear systems) has attracted a lot of attention. This paper investigates the tensor form of the Bi-CGSTAB and Bi-CRSTAB methods, by employing Kronecker ...product, vectorization, and bilinear operator, to solve the generalized coupled Sylvester tensor equations
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with no matricization. Also some properties of the new methods are presented. By applying multilinear operator, the proposed methods are extended to the general form. Some numerical examples are provided to compare the efficiency of the investigated methods with some existing popular algorithms. Finally, some concluding remarks are given.
Natural infections with HoBi‐like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) have been detected in cattle in South America, Europe and Asia with a range of clinical manifestations including fatal mucosal disease (MD). In ...India, although HoBiPeV in cattle has been reported, there is no information on currently circulating HoBiPeV strains and associated severe clinical disease. Between September 2018 and December 2019, suspected cases of bovine viral diarrhoea with severe disease in cattle were noticed in farmers’ small holdings in Tamil Nadu State. To determine the extent of pestivirus infection, blood, serum, nasal or oral swab samples of 46 cattle from 18 villages were tested. Based on the real‐time RT‐PCR, antigen ELISA and nucleotide sequencing results, pestivirus was detected in nine cattle from eight villages in two districts and all pestiviruses were identified as HoBiPeV. All nine HoBiPeV‐infected cattle displayed clinical signs resembling MD and HoBiPeV isolates (n = 9) obtained were characterized at genetic and antigenic level. Phylogenetic analyses based on 5′‐untranslated regions (5′‐UTR), Npro and combined 5′‐UTR‐Npro gene sequences revealed that eight HoBiPeV isolates clustered into a clade, distinct from all reported HoBiPeV clades (a–d), whereas one belonged to HoBiPeV‐d clade, thus providing evidence of emergence of a novel HoBiPeV clade (e). This was also supported by HoBiPeV‐e clade‐specific amino acid substitutions in Npro and the antigenic reactivity patterns. The study demonstrates the existence and independent evolution of five HoBiPeV clades (four main clades) globally and surprisingly three exclusive to India. Also we confirm first HoBiPeV occurrence in southern India with predominant prevalence of HoBiPeV‐e strains. Besides demonstrating increased HoBiPeV genetic diversity, here we show association of HoBiPeV with severe clinical disease involving fatalities highlighting impact of HoBiPeV on cattle health. The emergence of a novel HoBiPeV lineage provides new insights on global HoBiPeV epidemiology and genetic diversity reiterating the need for continuous monitoring of HoBiPeV in India.
Summary
The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae consists of four recognized species: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV‐1), Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 (BVDV‐2), Classical swine fever ...virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV). Recently, atypical pestiviruses (‘HoBi’‐like pestiviruses) were identified in batches of contaminated foetal calf serum and in naturally infected cattle with and without clinical symptoms. Here, we describe the first report of a mucosal disease‐like clinical presentation (MD) associated with a ‘HoBi’‐like pestivirus occurring in a cattle herd. The outbreak was investigated using immunohistochemistry, antibody detection, viral isolation and RT‐PCR. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 5′NCR, Npro and E2 regions of the RT‐PCR positive samples showed that four different ‘HoBi’‐like strains were circulating in the herd. The main clinical signs and lesions were observed in the respiratory and digestive systems, but skin lesions and corneal opacity were also observed. MD characteristic lesions and a pestivirus with cytopathic biotype were detected in one calf. The present study is the first report of a MD like presentation associated with natural infection with ‘HoBi’‐like pestivirus. This report describes the clinical signs and provides a pathologic framework of an outbreak associated with at least two different ‘HoBi’‐like strains. Based on these observations, it appears that these atypical pestiviruses are most likely underdiagnosed in Brazilian cattle.
Industrial cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs), a prominent data-driven paradigm, tightly couple and coordinate social space into cyber-physical systems (CPSs) within industrial environments. With ...the proliferation of cloud-fog computing, cloud-fog computing becomes the most prominent computing paradigm used to implement industrial data analysis. However, the open environment of cloud-fog computing and the limited control of industrial CPSSs users make industrial data analysis without compromising users' privacy one great research challenge in practical cloud-fog-based industrial applications. High-order Bi-Lanczos (HOBI-Lanczos) approach has shown remarkable success in heterogeneous data analysis in industrial applications. In this article, a novel privacy preserving HOBI-Lanczos approach using tensor train in cloud-fog computing is proposed for industrial data applications. Specifically, a privacy preserving industrial data analysis model using cloud-fog computing and tensor train is firstly proposed. The proposed model enables fogs and clouds to securely carry out industrial data analysis for large-scale tensors given in a tensor train format. In addition, by using this model, a privacy preserving HOBI-Lanczos approach is provided. Last but not least, by using a brain-controlled robot system case study, the proposed approach is theoretically and empirically analyzed. Our proposed approach is proven to be secure. A series of experiments corroborate the superiority of the proposed approach in cloud-fog computing for industrial applications.
Xinjiang pastoral area is the second largest pastoral area in China, accounting for 26.8% of the available grassland area in the country, and the geographical advantage of cattle breeding industry is ...very obvious. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has always been one of the important viral diseases that have plagued the development of cattle farming industry in the world. As one of the main pastoral areas of China's cattle farming industry, the Xinjiang pastoral area has also been deeply affected. In this study, 6,153 bovine serum samples were collected from 18 large-scale cattle farms in 13 cities in Xinjiang. The antibodies and antigens of 6,153 and 588 serum samples were detected by serological detection methods, respectively. Ten serum samples, which were antigen-positive by ELISA, were randomly selected for RT-PCR detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of suspected HoBi-like
(HoBiPeV) strains. The results showed that the positive rates of BVDV antibodies and antigens were 53.68% (3,303/6,153) and 6.12% (36/588), respectively. One of the 10 randomly selected seropositive samples was infected with the HoBiPeV strain. HoBiPeV, also referred to as BVDV-3, is an emerging atypical
that occurs in cattle and small ruminants, and its clinical signs are similar to those of BVDV infection. Based on the whole genome of the BVDV-3 reference strain (JS12/01) on the GenBank, the homology of the detected strain was 96.02%. The whole genome nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GenBank database, and the gene accession number was obtained: OP210314. The whole genome of isolate OP210314 was 12.239 nucleotides and contained a 5'-UTR of 340 nucleotides, a 3'-UTR of 199 nucleotides, and a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein consisting of 3,899 amino acids. In conclusion, the prevalence rate of BVDV infection in Xinjiang dairy cows is high, and the genetic diversity is increasing. This study successfully identified and isolated HoBiPeV in Xinjiang for the first time, posing a potential threat to the cattle industry in Xinjiang.
New emerging diseases, including ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ (‘Ca. M. haemobos’) and HoBi-like pestivirus in central China has been a huge challenge for ruminant production. From July to ...September 2022, an abortion outbreak affected 14 goat farms and 11 cattle farms in this area. To investigate whether the two pathogens are associated with the disease, samples were collected: Group 1 included 55 goat blood samples with foetal tissue samples and ticks on the skin; Group 2 included nine healthy goat blood samples; Group 3 included 36 cow blood samples with foetal tissue samples and ticks on the skin; and Group 4 included seven healthy cow blood samples. Then, these samples were analysed by serology, PCR, sequence analysis, and identification. A total of 339 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and 61 Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were identified in Group 1 and Group 3. By molecular detection, 32 ‘Ca. M. haemobos’-positive amplicons, and 27 HoBi-like pestivirus-positive amplicons were amplified from goats in Group 1; meanwhile, 20 ‘Ca. M. haemobos’-positive amplicons, and 18 HoBi-like pestivirus-positive amplicons were amplified from foetuses. Statistical significance (P = 0.002) and association (OR=7.556) between the ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ PCR results of foetus and goat samples were observed, and statistical significance (P = 0.017) and association (OR=4.271) between the HoBi-like pestivirus PCR results of foetus and goat samples were observed. These significances and associations were also observed in Group 3. In addition, coinfections were detected in Group 1 and Group 3. ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ was detected in both tick species. Further serological results revealed that the frequency of HoBi-like pestivirus was 20.0 % (11/55) in Group 1 % and 30.6 % (11/36) in Group 3 in central China. No ticks, pathogens, or neutralizing antibodies were observed in Group 2 or Group 4. This is the first molecular evidence of ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ and HoBi-like pestivirus natural coinfections in goats and cows with abortion in China. HoBi-like pestivirus and ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ can be transferred from goats/cows to their foetuses.
•The first report coinfections of ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ and HoBi-like pestivirus in goats and cows in China.•HoBi-like pestivirus and ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ could be transferred from goat/cows to foetus.•‘Ca. M. haemobos’ or/and HoBi-like pestivirus can be considered the causal factor for abortion.
Summary
The clinical features and economic impact of the infection caused by an emerging group of pestiviruses, namely HoBi‐like pestivirus, in a cattle herd of southern Italy are reported. In 2011, ...the virus was first associated with respiratory disease, causing an abortion storm after 1 year and apparently disappearing for the following 3 years after persistently infected calves were slaughtered. However, in 2014, reproductive failures and acute gastroenteritis were observed in the same herd, leading to a marked decrease of productivity. A HoBi‐like strain closely related to that responsible for previous outbreaks was detected in several animals. Application of an intensive eradication programme, based on the detection and slaughtering of HoBi‐like pestivirus persistently infected animals, resulted in a marked improvement of the productive performances.
