En el marco de la investigación desarrollada por el grupo GRIALE, una de las líneas más recientes se refiere al análisis del humor verbal infantil. Los diversos proyectos del grupo se han centrado en ...el estudio del tema en tres franjas etarias –de 8, 10 y 12 años– que abarcan la etapa de educación primaria. La investigación se fundamenta en el análisis de las narraciones humorísticas escritas que conforman el corpus CHILDHUM, actualmente en construcción. El etiquetaje pragmático de las muestras del CHILDHUM –más de 1000 en total para las tres franjas de edad– además de las variables sociolingüísticas habituales (edad, sexo, tipo de centro), incluye la aplicación del sistema de marcas e indicadores de humor (Ruiz Gurillo, 2012; Timofeeva Timofeev y Ruiz Gurillo, 2021) que actúan como soportes lingüísticos en la creación de la comicidad. El análisis de tales marcas e indicadores permite ver la correlación entre su uso y el nivel de maduración metalingüística de nuestros informantes. Asimismo, el etiquetaje pragmático de nuestro corpus ofrece la posibilidad de observar diversos aspectos psicosociales, relativos, por ejemplo, a los estilos de humor (Martin et al., 2003) o la autoestima (Pope et al., 1988; Hosogi et al., 2012), con lo cual podemos proporcionar datos desde la lingüística sobre los procesos madurativos de las diversas competencias humanas imbricadas de alguna manera en el complejo fenómeno del humor verbal.
Hydrogel composites in an aqueous media with viscoelastic properties and elastic modulus that can be precisely tailored are desirable to mimic many biological tissues ranging from mucus, vitreous ...humor, and nucleus pulposus as well as build up biosensors. Without altering the chemistry, tuning the physical interactions and structures to govern the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels is indispensable for their applications but quite limited. Here we design a complexation gel composite and utilize the physical principle of topologically frustrated dynamical state to tune the correlated structures between the guest polycation chains and negatively charged host gels. We precisely quantify the mesh size of the host gel and guest chain size. By designing various topologically correlated structures, a viscoelastic moduli map can be built up, ranging from tough to ultrasoft, and from elastic-like with low damping properties to viscous-like with high damping properties. We also tune the swelling ratio by using entropy effect and discover an Entropy-driven Topologically Isovolumetric Point. Our findings provide essential physics to understand the relationship between entropy-driven correlated structures and their viscoelastic properties of the complexation hydrogel composites and will have diverse applications in tissue engineering and soft biomaterials.
A compelling guide to the fundamental place of humour and comedy within Western culture-by one of its greatest exponents Written by an acknowledged master of comedy, this study reflects on the nature ...of humour and the functions it serves. Why do we laugh? What are we to make of the sheer variety of laughter, from braying and cackling to sniggering and chortling? Is humour subversive, or can it defuse dissent? Can we define wit? Packed with illuminating ideas and a good many excellent jokes, the book critically examines various well-known theories of humour, including the idea that it springs from incongruity and the view that it reflects a mildly sadistic form of superiority to others. Drawing on a wide range of literary and philosophical sources, Terry Eagleton moves from Aristotle and Aquinas to Hobbes, Freud, and Bakhtin, looking in particular at the psychoanalytical mechanisms underlying humour and its social and political evolution over the centuries.
•Vitreous humor is a privileged fluid matrix used for postmortem biochemical analysis.•Vitreous humor is protected from postmortem contamination and degradation.•Vitreous K and amino acids can be ...used to PMI estimation.•Vitreous Na, Cl, NH4+, Glucose, Ketones, Lactate, Urea, Insulin can be used to asses ante-mortem condition.•Vitreous Na, Cl, Mg, βHB, Urea, can give additional information to identify the cause of death.
The chemical and biochemical analysis of bodily fluids after death is an important thanatochemical approach to assess the cause and time since death. Vitreous humor (VH) has been used as a biofluid for forensic purposes since the 1960s. Due to its established relevance in toxicology, a literature review highlighting the use of VH with an emphasis on endogenous compounds has not yet been undertaken. VH is a chemically complex aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, electrolytes and other small molecules present in living organisms; this biofluid is useful tool for its isolated environment, preserved from bacterial contamination, decomposition, autolysis, and metabolic reactions. The post-mortem analysis of VH provides an important tool for the estimation of the post-mortem interval (PMI), which can be helpful in determining the cause of death. Consequently, the present review evaluates the recent chemical and biochemical advances with particular importance on the endogenous compounds present at the time of death and their modification over time, which are valuable for the PMI prediction and to identify the cause of death.
El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la relación entre los estilos de humor adaptativos (humor afiliativo y humor mejoramiento personal) y desadaptativos (humor agresivo y humor descalificación ...personal) propuestos por Martin (2003), y las conductas agresivas físicas y verbales. Se trabajó con una muestra de 100 adolescentes argentinos, entre 16 y 18 años, de ambos sexos, quienes respondieron dos escalas: el Cuestionario de Agresividad Física y Verbal (Caprara y Pastorelli, 1993, versión española de del Barrio, Moreno Rosset, López y Martínez, 2001), y la versión adaptada al español por Cayssials (2004) de la Escala de Estilos de Humor (Martin, 2003). Los resultados indican que el humor agresivo predice positivamente las conductas agresivas en general, tanto verbales como físicas, mientras que el estilo de humor de mejoramiento personal mitiga las conductas agresivas evaluadas en general y las conductas agresivas verbales. Por último, las conductas agresivas físicas únicamente fueron predichas por el estilo de humor agresivo. Palabras clave: Sentido del humor adaptativo; Sentido del humor desadaptativo; Agresividad física; Agresividad verbal; Adolescentes. The sense of humor gives a new perspective of life by turning the person into a spectator of what is happening, being able to laugh at oneself and to what happens to one. Because of that, it is considered that humor allows us to face problematic situations in a different way. Carbelo and Jáuregui (2006) argue that sense of humor is not a mere remedy to prevent or help overcome disease; instead, it has the capacity to promote greater well-being, enjoyment of life, growth towards greater humanity and fulfillment. These same authors add that sense of humor is a unique trait of the human species and it is possessed by all human beings of different cultures (Carbelo y Jáuregui, 2006). While each culture has its own rules about which facts or situations may be the object or cause of humor, "both humor and laughter are universal" (Cassaretto y Martínez, 2009, p. 289). Although humor has been associated with psychological, physical and social well-being, not all research show consistent results. This is because sense of humor does not imply only positive components, but also negative components (Martin, 2003; Cassaretto y Martínez, 2009). In general, the different studies carried out have perceived sense of humor as a positive feature with the potential to generate positive effects. However, there are negative elements of humor that have a negative correlation with psychological well-being (Martin, 2003; Grimshaw, Kirsh, Kuiper y Leite, 2004). Therefore, it is important to be able to consider the sense of humor not as a one-dimensional construct (taking into account only its positive components), but to be able to focus on a multi-dimensional approach capable of considering all the characteristics and consequences --positive and negative--of it. Martin (2003) postulates that humor is a personality trait composed of either healthy or adaptive components and of unhealthy or unadaptable components. This author proposes the following classification: Adaptive humor is formed by affiliative humor (the tendency to say funny things, to make jokes, and spontaneous and witty jokes to amuse other people) and self-enhancing humor (it implies having fun with the incongruities of life even in adversity and using humor as a strategy to face the vicissitudes), and unadaptive humor is formed by aggressive humor (the tendency to use humor for the purpose of criticizing or manipulating others by resorting to sarcasm, bothering with jokes, ridiculing others) and self-defeating humor (people who use this kind of humor are self-deprecating, make or say funny things at the expense of themselves and laugh with others while ridiculing or belittling). The aim of this work is to study the relationship between these two types of humor and physical and verbal aggressive behaviors. We worked with a sample of 100 adolescents from Argentina of both sexes, aged between 16 and 18 years, of the middle socioeconomic strata of Buenos Aires, Argentina. All participants responded to two scales: the questionnaire of physical and Verbal aggression (Caprara y Pastorelli, 1993, Spanish version of Barrio, Moreno Rosset, López Martínez, 2001), and the version adapted to Spanish by Cayssials (2004) of the scale of humor styles (Martin, 2003). The results indicate that aggressive humor positively predicts aggressive behaviors evaluated in a general way, and aggressive behaviors verbal and physical evaluated specifically. On the other hand, personal improvement humor style mitigates general aggressive behaviors and verbal aggression specifically. Finally, aggressive physical behaviors were only predicted by the aggressive humor style. Keywords: Adaptive sense of humor; Unadaptive sense of humor; Physical aggression; Verbal aggression; Adolescents.
En este artículo abordamos un análisis pragmático de las pancartas durante el Hirak argelino de febrero de 2019 centrándonos en el humor, la ironía y sus inferencias pragmáticas. Para llevar a cabo ...nuestro estudio hemos elegido 12 ejemplos sacados de las redes sociales, de YouTube o publicados en periódicos argelinos. Nuestro objetivo principal es describir y analizar las funciones discursivo-pragmáticas del humor, la ironía y las inferencias pragmáticas en las pancartas. El método utilizado es descriptivo-analítico basado en la intención comunicativa y el acto de habla a través del cual se manifesta el uso del humor y la ironía como objeto de estudio. Los resultados muestran que los acontecimientos verbales discursivo-pragmáticos del humor y la ironía corresponden a generar humor y realizar una crítica. Estas funciones se realizan por medio de actos habla asertivos, directivos y expresivos.
This paper explores the idea of the existence, use and emergence of humour and playfulness within coaching relationships. We frame this use (and value) of humour and playfulness as part of the skills ...and tools of an executive coach. Starting this process, through a number of key questions we asked ourselves, we have expanded our inquiry beyond the theory of human humour and playfulness into the practical elements of this topic and talk about its relevance to liminality, creative spaces (Gash, 2016) and effective practice. Linking effectiveness and expediency, we explore how humour and playfulness can improve a coaching session (and as part of a longer programme) through learning about the tools of anticipation by a partial adherence to the principles of ontological coaching (Seiler, 2020). In addition, we examine the psychological, biological and neurological contexts in support of advancing coaching practice. We also explore how humour and its use in coaching psychology can support the very basic elements of human survival through helping people to grow and adapt to changing circumstances. We draw this proposition together by offering some reflections, stories and discussion to make the case for more research into this human phenomenon that can offer different options to executive coaches and coaching psychologists.
Humor research in organizations focuses on leaders’ humor, but we know far less about followers’ humor. Here, we review and synthesize the scattered work on this “upward humor,” offering a novel ...framing of it as a strategy for followers to deal with hierarchies. We propose a continuum of upward humor from stabilizing (i.e., a friend who uses upward humor to reinforce hierarchies, make hierarchies more bearable or stable) to destabilizing (i.e., a fiend who uses upward humor to question or reshape existing hierarchies) depending on perceived intent (i.e., from benevolent to malicious, respectively) and outline key factors that shape these interpretations. We close with novel questions and methods for future research such as power plays, multi-modal data, and human-robot interactions.
•Most research examines leaders' downward humor (i.e., toward followers).•Flipping the hierarchy, we review upward humor (i.e., from followers to leaders).•We propose upward humor has a unique purpose: to deal with hierarchies.•We explain how upward humor helps with ambivalence and (de)stabilizes hierarchies.•We close with key moderators, new methods, RQs (e.g., robots, machine learning).
Research on humor at work has tended to focus on either the social evaluations formed about the source of humor or the interpersonal consequences that accompany the use of humor. Yet, research ...suggests that the targets of humor – such as a follower who is the punchline of her leader's jokes – face their own unique judgements and impressions from the social environment. Indeed, humor directed toward another person can communicate important information about the individual and can shape how others perceive and evaluate them. Unfortunately, research on the social evaluations of humor targets is fragmented and relatively underdeveloped. We advance understanding of humor at work by reviewing research on the social evaluations of humor targets, with particular focus on the social evaluations of leader humor targets (i.e., followers). We conclude with several directions for future research.
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