The article is devoted to the hypothesis explaining the order of signs' classes presented in the manuscripts and articles of Ch.S.Pierce via the diagram of relations of Aristotle's categories which ...was described in the first translation of Aristotle into Latin conducted after Boethius by Julius Pacius.The hypothesis allows explaining not only the order of categories in the Ch.S.Pierces diagram but also interpreting them via ten categories of Aristotle on the background of scholastic tradition of depicting relations.The conclusion is drawn that the theory of Ch.S.Pierce seems to be the development of Aristotle's doctrine of categories.The article can contribute to the history of philosophy.
Memory is an adaptive and flexible system that preferentially stores motivationally relevant information. However, in some cases information that is initially irrelevant can become relevant at a ...later time. The question arises whether and to what extent the memory system can retroactively boost memories of the initially irrelevant information. Experimental studies in animals and humans have provided evidence for such retroactive memory boosting. Additionally, these studies suggest that retroactive memory enhancement (RME) can be selective to the semantic meaning of the material. Nonetheless, recent experimental work could not replicate these findings, posing the question whether the selective RME effect is reliable. To synthesize the available evidence, we conducted meta-analyses of 14 experiments. Although the classical meta-analytic procedure suggested a small selective RME effect, Cohen's cĻ = 0.16, when accounting for small-study bias using robust Bayesian meta-analysis the null hypothesis was supported, Cohen's cĻ = 0.02, BF01 = 3.03. Furthermore strong evidence was found for a bias due to small-study effects, BF10 = 11.39. Together, this calls the reliability of a selective RME effect into question.
Setting optimal significance levels that minimize Type I and Type II errors allows for more transparent and well-considered statistical decision making compared to the traditional alpha=0.05 ...significance level. We use the optimal alpha approach to re-assess conclusions reached by three recently published tests of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis, which attempts to unify occurrences of different physiological, behavioral, and life history characteristics under one theory, over different scales of biological organization. While some of the conclusions reached using optimal alpha were consistent to those previously reported using the traditional alpha=0.05 threshold, opposing conclusions were also frequently reached. The optimal alpha approach reduced probabilities of Type I and Type II errors, and ensured statistical significance was associated with biological relevance. Biologists should seriously consider their choice of alpha when conducting null hypothesis significance tests, as there are serious disadvantages with consistent reliance on the traditional but arbitrary alpha=0.05 significance level. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Since competitions in karate take place within bouts and katas, the subject matter of this study are the psychological characteristics which contribute to this differentiation. The goal of the ...research is to determine the predictive values of psychological characteristics in the competitive selection of karatekas. In relation to the subject matter and goals of the research, as well as studies carried out so far, a hypothesis has been formulated: significant differences exist in goal orientation between karatekas of various competitive orientation. The study included 79 karatekas, 12 to 14 years old, 37 of whom are competitors in bouts, 23 of whom practice katas, and 19 respondents who take part in both disciplines. In order to evaluate the motivational orientation, we used the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), designed by Duda & Nicholls. Even though the overall results did not confirm the initial hypothesis that the respondents of various competitive orientation should differ in their motivational climate of goal orientation, they to a large extent can be of significant help in the proper selection of young competitors in karate.
Les études consacrées au pronom on se fixent en général pour objectif, soit de rendre compte du fonctionnement textuel, discursif, énonciatif, du marqueur, soit de rendre compte des possibilités de ...traduction de on par la mise en contraste avec d’autres systèmes linguistiques et/ou l’étude de la traduction. Ces approches ont livré des apports indiscutables, sur lesquels nous reviendrons rapidement. Elles illustrent des démarches et des méthodologies différentes mais ont en commun le fait qu'elles posent la question de l’identité de on dans la perspective d’une p roblématique référentielle. Dans ces pages, nous proposons d’envisager ce pronom sous un autre angle, celui de son fonctionnement, de son comportement en contexte. S’interroger sur ce que fait on, c’est aussi se demander ce qui fait on, et proposer un autr e regard sur ce pronom. On laisse de côté les approches diachroniques du pronom, nous fixant comme objectif de rendre compte de son fonctionnement en synchronie. En effet, dans ces pages, nous envisageons ce pronom sous l'angle de son fonctionnement, de so n comportement en contexte. S’interroger sur ce que fait on, c’est aussi se demander ce qui fait on, et proposer un autre regard sur ce pronom. Plus précisément, nous postulerons que on est la trace d'une opération énonciative particulière, définitoire, do nt la mise en œuvre va générer en contexte différents effets de sens (pudeur, hypocoristique, distanciation) et se satisfaire d'une grande variété de contenus référentiels. On s'appuiera sur un corpus d'énoncés attestés récents (textes français des années 2010 issus essentiellementde FRANTEXT et occurrences tirées du web) sur lesquels on procédera à des manipulations pour montrer que l'emploi de on, en particulier lorsque son référent est aisément identifiable, témoigne d'un refus de prise en charge d'énonc iative et/ou d'un refus d'implication du locuteur dans l'événement dont il rend compte, d'une part; et, d'autre part, que l'emploi d'un tel marqueur déstabilise la relation prédicative de telle manière qu'elle accorde un statut particulier aux propriétés d u prédicats, qui se trouvent mises en valeur.
So far, works on the French pronoun on have focused on two major goals : accounting for the functioning of on, as far as the discours and stylistic aspects are concerned or accounting for the différent possibilites available to translate this pronoun in other languages. These approaches have provided valuable results and observations, which will be reminded to the reader. They resort to different theoretical backgrounds and tools but share one common purpose : report on the referential construction of on. Here, I would like to try another angle by paying particular attention to the pronoun's behaviour and functioning in relation to the context in which it appears. Wondering what on does is also questioning what on is and proposing another approach to the problem. More acurately, I will present a hypothesis according to which on marks a particular enunciative operation that is its modus operandi, and the way this operation interacts with the conte xt triggers the different senses of the pronoun (reserve, modesty, affection). This work relies on examples taken from French novels from the 2010s, and occasional occurrences from the world wide web. These examples will be altered to test our hypothesis which is the following : on denotes a refusal from the utterer and or the speaker to get involved in the process they are refering to, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, on unbalance the predicative relation, and thus, gives particular importance to t he properties of the predicate at the expense of the subject.
La forme
dels/deus
est réalisée indistinctement des en occitan dans la zone toulousaine, alors que nous trouvons la forme del au singulier côté languedocien et du côté gascon. Je pose l’hypothèse ...suivante : la structure syllabique va conditionner cette réalisation dans le sens où la permissivité de la syllabe dans cette zone ne laisse qu’une position dans laquelle le morphème du pluriel est prioritaire. Gascon oriental et languedocien occidental relèvent d’un modèle où il faut clairement admettre que la finale dépasse la structure syllabique régulière. Cela peut s’expliquer d’une part par des syllabes à noyaux nuls, d’autre part par une conception récursive de la syllabe qui peut être schématisée de la façon suivante : mot = (syllabe)*+ (Consonne facultative). Cela rejoint la formule proposée pour le français dans Dell (1995). Certaines finales sont ainsi des attaques d’une syllabe à noyau nul :
a)l'up : (lu)(p0) b) s'ɛrp : (sɛr)(p0)
L’hypothèse du noyau nul explique que la particule excédentaire soit une attaque. Il faut cependant limiter les syllabes (C0) aux finales : serps - s'rs = (s'r)(s0). Le morphème du pluriel /s/ occupera prioritairementla position d’attaque en finale à la place des autres consonnes. Ce mécanisme sera appliqué à la contraction préposition – article.
Finals in sandhi in aquitanopyrenean – France language : Occitan.
The form
dels / deus
is realized indistinctly in Occitan of Toulouse, while we find the singular form del in the Languedoc area and du in the Gascon area. Here is my hypothesis : the syllabic structure will determine this realization in the sense that the permissiveness of the syllable in this zone leaves only one position in which the morpheme of the plural is more important. Eastern gascon and western languedocian belong to a model where it must be clearly admitted that the finale exceeds the regular syllabic structure. This can be explained on the one hand by syllables with null nuclei, on the other hand by a recursive conception of the syllable which can be schematized as follows: word = (syllable)*+ (optional Consonant). This joins the formula proposed for French in Dell (1995). Some finals are thus attacks of a kernel-zero syllable :
a)l'up : (lu)(p0) b) s'ɛrp : (sɛr)(p0)
The null nucleu hypothesis explains that the excess particle is an attack. However, the syllables (C0) must be limited to the finals: sèrps - s'rs = (s'r)(s0). The morpheme of the plural / s / will promptly occupy the attackposition in the final instead of the other consonants. This mechanism will be applied to the contraction preposition - article.
Background: The standard for early screening of NAFLD in children is circulating liver enzymes, but those measures lack clinical specificity and sensitivity for NAFLD. As an alternative diagnostic ...approach we tested the hypothesis that the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to an abbreviated fat tolerance test (AFTT) could discriminate pediatric patients with NAFLD from obese (Ob) and normal weight (NW) peers. Methods: In this ongoing study, 13 NW controls (6M/7F; age: 16.6 ± 2.2 y; BMI%: 49 ± 24 %), 11 controls with Ob (4M/7F; age: 16.9 ± 2.2 y; BMI%: 98 ± 1 %), and 4 patients with NAFLD (2M/1F; age: 15.3 ± 0.6 y; BMI%: 99 ± 0 %) completed an AFTT. Following an overnight fast, participants consumed a high-fat meal (HFM) (73% fat; 9 kcal/kg) and TG were measured at baseline and 4h post-meal. We previously showed that this abbreviated protocol is a valid surrogate for traditional postprandial TG testing (serial hourly blood sampling for 6h postprandial period). Liver steatosis was measured as the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) with Fibroscan. Results: The NAFLD group displayed higher fasting TG (161 ± 20 mg/ dL) than NW (82 ± 34 mg/dL; p = 0.01) but NAFLD did not differ from Ob (114 ± 46 mg/dL). NAFLD exhibited higher 4h postprandial TG and ATG (269 ± 35 mg/dL; 108 ± 23 mg/dL, respectively) than NW (110 ± 46 mg/dL, p = 0.001; 28 ± 38 mg/dL, p = 0.01) and Ob (156 ± 71 mg/dL, p = 0.02; 39 ± 43 mg/dL, p = 0.03); NW and Ob did not differ in fasting (p = 0.12) or 4h postprandial TG (p = 0.14). The NAFLD and Ob groups did not differ in liver steatosis (324 and 292 dB respectively, p = 0.54); both groups were higher than NW (209.7 dB, p's < 0.05). Conclusions: The preliminary findings suggest that the postprandial TG response in NAFLD is greater in children with NAFLD compared to Ob and NW peers without NAFLD. These results support our hypothesis regarding the potential use of the AFTT as a clinicallyfeasible screening tool for NAFLD in children.
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