Hypothesis Descriptions
are a type of manuscript dedicated to the formal description of a hypothesis, as introduced in an accompanying editorial and an examplary
Hypothesis Description
for the Enemy ...Release Hypothesis that is used in invasion biology. This questionnaire provides a template for such a
Hypothesis Description
manuscript. The template's format was designed for simplicity to facilitate adoption, and it can be easily extended to capture additional information, e.g. instructions for falsification or generalization, taxonomic or geographic scope, etymology, or relevant information in other research fields or other languages. The template reflects the recommended structure for a
Hypothesis Description
manuscript in that each of its sections provides the title for a section in a
Hypothesis Description
manuscript and indicates whether that section is mandatory or optional. Four sections - Keywords (mandatory), Conflicts of interest (optional), Acknowledgments (optional) and References (mandatory) - are in this template filled in for the template itself but should otherwise be adjusted for the hypothesis at hand. Comments to guide authors who work on a
Hypothesis Description
manuscript are provided as well.
INTRODUCTION Neurosurgery resident attrition is an unsolved obstacle, creating strain among programs. Residents starting from 2005 to 2010 had an attrition rate of 10.98%, with no change in the trend ...amongst the years. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) publishes a “Neurological Surgery Milestones” document that vaguely outlines procedures, but does not establish expectations for a given PGY level. METHODS 7 attendings and 11 residents were surveyed from a single institution. Each of the participants answered 114 questions related to operative skill expectations. Questions were divided amongst PGY level and subdivided into spine and cranial procedures. Statistical analysis tested the main hypothesis of the study: expectations among attendings are higher than among those of the residents. A score reflecting the total # of procedures expected per PGY level was calculated per participant. RESULTS The median of the total mean score of the residents was higher than that of the attendings (79% vs. 69%); however, the expected difference was not statistically significant (P-value = .166). The median of the total spine mean score of the residents was higher than that of the attendings (78% vs. 67%); however, not statistically significant (P-value = .249). The median of the total cranial mean score of the residents is higher than that of the attendings (78% vs. 70%); however, not statistically significant (P-value = .144). CONCLUSION We found that, although expectations from the resident perspective were overall higher than those from the attending perspective (contrasting from our hypothesis), the differences were not statistically significant. Still, the project leads to the question of whether or not there should be a more transparent way for programs to communicate to residents the operative skill expectations, thus, hopefully leading to lower attrition rate. We soon plan to make this a nation-wide survey.
There is only a weak relation between the number of children and the transfers and call into question common assumptions about the extent to which fertility declines pose a threat to the extent of ...familial support of the older persons in the coming decades.
Testing the No-Hair Theorem with GW150914 Isi, Maximiliano; Giesler, Matthew; Farr, Will M. ...
Physical review letters,
09/2019, Volume:
123, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We analyze gravitational-wave data from the first LIGO detection of a binary black-hole merger (GW150914) in search of the ringdown of the remnant black hole. Using observations beginning at the peak ...of the signal, we find evidence of the fundamental quasinormal mode and at least one overtone, both associated with the dominant angular mode (ℓ=m=2), with 3.6σ confidence. A ringdown model including overtones allows us to measure the final mass and spin magnitude of the remnant exclusively from postinspiral data, obtaining an estimate in agreement with the values inferred from the full signal. The mass and spin values we measure from the ringdown agree with those obtained using solely the fundamental mode at a later time, but have smaller uncertainties. Agreement between the postinspiral measurements of mass and spin and those using the full waveform supports the hypothesis that the GW150914 merger produced a Kerr black hole, as predicted by general relativity, and provides a test of the no-hair theorem at the ∼10% level. An independent measurement of the frequency of the first overtone yields agreement with the no-hair hypothesis at the ∼20% level. As the detector sensitivity improves and the detected population of black-hole mergers grows, we can expect that using overtones will provide even stronger tests.
The Bregman Proximal Gradient (BPG) algorithm is an algorithm for minimizing the sum of two convex functions, with one being nonsmooth. The supercoercivity of the objective function is necessary for ...the convergence of this algorithm precluding its use in many applications. In this paper, we give an inexact version of the BPG algorithm while circumventing the condition of supercoercivity by replacing it with a simple condition on the parameters of the problem. Our study covers the existing results, while giving other.
An angular analysis of B0 → J / ψ K+ π− decays is performed, using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1 collected with the LHCb detector. The m (K+ π−) ...spectrum is divided into fine bins. In each m(K+ π−) bin, the hypothesis that the three-dimensional angular distribution can be described by structures induced only by K* resonances is examined, making minimal assumptions about the K+ π− system. The data reject the K*-only hypothesis with a large significance, implying the observation of exotic contributions in a model-independent fashion. Inspection of the m(J / ψπ−) vs m(K+ π−) plane suggests structures near m(J / ψπ−) = 4200 and 4600 MeV.
The present investigation deals with individual differences in habitual (trait-level) mind wandering and their effects on learning. We hypothesized that the 'positive-constructive' type of habitual ...mind wandering would promote task-related thinking and the 'poor-attention' type to promote task-unrelated thinking. This hypothesis was tested in a study with 200 participants who rated different aspects of their mind wandering in daily life in one session and completed a reading study in a second session. The reading study included thought probes, retrospective questions about readers' thought contents, and comprehension tests after reading. In line with our hypothesis, data analysis revealed that some forms of positive-constructive mind wandering were positively associated with text-related thought, whereas poor-attention mind wandering was positively associated with text-unrelated thought. The present results add to the literature by emphasizing different types of trait-level mind wandering and their potentially opposite effects on learning.
Testing a global hypothesis for a set of variables is a fundamental problem in statistics with a wide range of applications. A few well-known classical tests include the Hotelling's T
2
test, the ...F-test, and the empirical Bayes based score test. These classical tests, however, are not robust to the signal strength and could have a substantial loss of power when signals are weak or moderate, a situation we commonly encounter in contemporary applications. In this article, we propose a minimax optimal ridge-type set test (MORST), a simple and generic method for testing a global hypothesis. The power of MORST is robust and considerably higher than that of the classical tests when the strength of signals is weak or moderate. In the meantime, MORST only requires a slight increase in computation compared to these existing tests, making it applicable to the analysis of massive genome-wide data. We also provide the generalizations of MORST that are parallel to the traditional Wald test and Rao's score test in asymptotic settings. Extensive simulations demonstrated the robust power of MORST and that the Type I error of MORST was well controlled. We applied MORST to the analysis of the whole-genome sequencing data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, where MORST detected 20%-250% more signal regions than the classical tests.
Supplementary materials
for this article are available online.
Abstract
Introduction
The stress generation hypothesis posits that depressed (versus non-depressed) individuals generate more stressful life events, especially events for which they are at least ...partly responsible (i.e., dependent events). Insomnia disorder interferes with emotion regulation, potentially leading to impaired decision-making and increased stress generation. We hypothesized that insomnia disorder would lead to an increased number of stressful life events in our sample of adults who have recently experienced involuntary job loss.
Methods
Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through Occupational Transitions is a longitudinal study examining linkages between job-loss, sleep, obesity, and mental health. We used baseline and 3-month follow-up data from 137 participants who completed the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, a contextual life event measure. Insomnia disorder was coded yes if participants met ICSD-3 criteria for a current chronic or acute insomnia disorder on the Duke Structured Interview for Sleep Disorders. Covariates included age, gender, and race. Linear and logistic regression were employed to assess changes in number of events over time. Secondary analysis examined the relationship between insomnia and dependent stressful life events specifically.
Results
When controlling for covariates, insomnia disorder at study baseline predicted the number of stressful life events generated between baseline and 3-month follow-up (β =.60, se=.30, t=1.99, p=.05). Conversely, events at baseline did not predict insomnia disorder at follow-up when controlling for baseline insomnia disorder (OR=.98, CI=.82-1.17). Secondary analysis revealed a trend toward increased generation of dependent events among individuals with insomnia disorder (β =.37, se=.23, t = 1.6, p=.11).
Conclusion
Our analyses provide preliminary evidence for a causal relationship between insomnia disorder and stress generation. Additional research is needed to replicate and examine the mechanisms behind this relationship. This extension of the stress generation hypothesis may have important implications for harm reduction interventions for insomnia disorder.
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