People employ various methods to extract gold in the rainforests of the Chocó, in northwest Colombia: Rural Afro-Colombian artisanal miners work hillsides with hand tools or dredge mud from river ...bottoms. Migrant miners level the landscape with excavators, then trap gold with mercury. Canadian mining companies prospect for open-pit mega-mines. Drug traffickers launder cocaine profits by smuggling gold into Colombia and claiming it came from fictitious small-scale mines. Through an ethnography of gold that examines the movement of people, commodities, and capital, Shifting Livelihoods investigates how resource extraction reshapes a place. In the Chocó, gold enables forms of "shift" (rebusque)-a metaphor for the fluid livelihood strategy adopted by forest dwellers and migrant gold miners alike as they seek informal work amid a drug war. Mining's effects on rural people, corporations, and politics are on view in this fine-grained account of daily life in a regional economy dominated by gold and cocaine.
While increasing attention is being paid to the drivers and forms of entrepreneurship in informal economies, much less of this policy and research focus is directed at understanding the links between ...mobility and informality. This report examines the current state of knowledge about this relationship with particular reference to three countries (Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe) and four cities (Cape Town, Harare, Johannesburg and Maputo), identifying major themes, knowledge gaps, research questions and policy implications.
Cheap street is a lively and scholarly account of London's street markets, which were an overlooked site of urban modernity and the most vigorous outgrowth of the informal economy that flourished ...below and beyond the recognised institutions of the consumer city. Kelley brings together design and material culture history, urban studies and social and cultural history to analyse the street markets' distinct characteristics. These included the flaring naked flames of their naphtha lights, their impermanent yet persistent unofficial occupation of space, and the noisy performative selling that took place there. The result is a new interpretation of London's urban geographies, moving beyond the accepted view of the West End as the consumer city and the East as the city of poverty, and demonstrating that the informality of the street markets was a powerful force in shaping representations of London and its people.Cheap street is a lively and scholarly account of London's street markets, which were an overlooked site of urban modernity and the most vigorous outgrowth of the informal economy that flourished below and beyond the recognised institutions of the consumer city. Kelley brings together design and material culture history, urban studies and social and cultural history to analyse the street markets' distinct characteristics. These included the flaring naked flames of their naphtha lights, their impermanent yet persistent unofficial occupation of space, and the noisy performative selling that took place there. The result is a new interpretation of London's urban geographies, moving beyond the accepted view of the West End as the consumer city and the East as the city of poverty, and demonstrating that the informality of the street markets was a powerful force in shaping representations of London and its people.
Unutar umjetnosti radikalnog enformela nalazimo djela izražene nepikturalnosti, nesemantičnosti i nereferencijalnosti, kao i težnju prema entropiji, raslojavanju i razjedinjavanju forme kroz ...destruktivne procese deformiranja, perforiranja, urezivanja, grebanja, gomilanja struktura i masa, fragmentacije, skidanja slojeva i spaljivanja. U ovom je radu naglasak stavljen na teoretske modele tumačenja radikalnog enformela kroz koncepte estetike ružnoće, odnosno brutalne estetike, kao što su: (1) deformacija, (2) disfiguracija, (3) neformnost, i (4) entropija – na primjerima enformelnog stvaralaštva Ive Gattina, Eugena Fellera i Marijana Jevšovara, koji su proizašli iz njihovih svjetonazora prema umjetnosti i slici. Umjetnici su intencionalno stvarali slike koje nisu »lijepe« suprotstavljajući se klasičnim vrijednostima umjetnosti i ljepote kroz opozicijski i negacijski pristup, nihilizam, destrukciju, deformiranje i poništavanje slikarske površine kao vidovima anti-estetike.
In the art of radical Informel, we encounter works with emphasised non-pictoriality, non-semantics and non-referentiality, as well as a tendency towards entropy, layering and the disintegration of form through destructive processes such as deformation, perforation, incision, scratching, the accumulation of structures and masses, fragmentation, stripping and burning. In this paper, theoretical models of interpretation for the art of radical Informel are pointed out through the concepts of the aesthetics of ugliness, i.e. brutal aesthetics, such as (1) deformation, (2) disfiguration, (3) formlessness and (4) entropy – using the example of the informal works of Croatian authors Ivo Gattin, Eugen Feller and Marijan Jevšovar, which result from their attitude towards art and painting. The artists have deliberately created paintings that are not “beautiful” by opposing the classical values of art and beauty through oppositional and negative approaches, nihilism, destruction, deformation and the abolition of the surface of the painting as forms of anti-aesthetics.
There is empirical evidence of the effect of financial inclusion on the growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. However, little is known about its effect on the formalization of informal firms. ...This paper therefore aims to analyze the role of financial inclusion in the formalization process of SMEs in Cameroon. Using data from the Enterprise Survey 2016, we construct a financial inclusion index to assess the effect of overall access to inclusive financial services on the one hand. On the other hand, using a discrete choice model, we analyze the specific effect of each financial service. The result is that financial inclusion is associated with increased formalization of firms. Specifically, simultaneous access to several inclusive financial services increases the probability of formalization of firms by 5.3%. Furthermore, access to specific financial instruments such as credit and savings accounts increases the probability of registration for informally operating SMEs. Finally, the use of Mobile Money reduces this probability by 17.9%. These results underline the need to promote the development of certain inclusive financial services (such as access to credit, bank account creation) and to better organize the use of mobile financial services.
During the early twentieth century, a diverse group of African American women carved out unique niches for themselves within New York City's expansive informal economy. LaShawn Harris illuminates the ...labor patterns and economic activity of three perennials within this kaleidoscope of underground industry: sex work, numbers running for gambling enterprises, and the supernatural consulting business. Mining police and prison records, newspaper accounts, and period literature, Harris teases out answers to essential questions about these women and their working lives. She also offers a surprising revelation, arguing that the burgeoning underground economy served as a catalyst in working-class black women ™s creation of the employment opportunities, occupational identities, and survival strategies that provided them with financial stability and a sense of labor autonomy and mobility. At the same time, urban black women, all striving for economic and social prospects and pleasures, experienced the conspicuous and hidden dangers associated with newfound labor opportunities.
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