This text addresses the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine and the general development of international law. It focuses on three questions: What consequences does the Russian breach of the ...prohibition of violence have for international law as a legal order? Can Putin be held to account before the International Criminal Court? And are the individual EU sanctions being imposed on Russian citizens legal?
Fair and equitable benefit-sharing is a diffuse legal phenomenon in international law that remains perplexing with regard to its general nature, extent, content, and implications. The continued ...proliferation of benefit-sharing clauses in international law can in effect be explained by its intuitive appeal as an optimistic frame. In principle, it serves to recognize, encourage, and reward in innovative ways sustainable human relations with the environment, by focusing on equity issues arising from the most intractable challenges of our time (biodiversity loss, climate change, poverty, global epidemics). Empirical evidence, however, indicates that in practice benefit-sharing rarely achieves its stated fairness and equity objectives, and actually ends up entrenching or worsening inequitable relationships, with little or no benefit for the environment. Instead of focusing on fair and equitable benefit-sharing in specific areas of international law separately, this book assesses the phenomenon both from a general international law perspective and through a comparative analysis across international environmental law, international human rights law, international health law, and the law of the sea. This analysis reveals an opportunity to advance the interpretation and practice of fairness and equity in benefit-sharing through a mutually supportive interpretation of international biodiversity law and international human rights law.
This book looks at the history of the EU’s trade negotiations with China from 1975 to 2019 from a distinctive perspective – the EU as a linkage power. The author explains how the EU through linkage ...strategies speaks with one voice, overcomes its weakness in military capabilities and translates its non-military capabilities into advantages and influences in some specific policy areas. The book systematically traces the European negotiators’ tactics in managing the EU’s trade relations with China. It’s the first time that the history of EU–China trade negotiations is presented to the public by a seasoned trade negotiator. The author, combining the identities of a negotiator and a scholar, gives a panoramic view of EU–China trade relations from 1975, when the European Economic Community established diplomatic relations with China, to 2019 when the Juncker Commission leaves office. This book will appeal to policymakers, think-tankers, professors and students, as well as anyone who is interested in trade policies and negotiations in the EU and China.
In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird die Grenze zwischen der nationalen Autonomie auf dem Gebiet des Steuerrechts und dem Verbot staatlicher Beihilfen innerhalb des EU-Binnenmarkts untersucht. ...Unumstritten ist in der Rechtsprechung und im Schrifttum, dass sich das unionsrechtliche Beihilfeverbot auf das nationale Steuerrecht auswirkt. Allerdings ist es bis heute nicht gelungen, die richtige Grenze zwischen der Beihilfenkontrolle im Steuerrecht einerseits und der Tatsache eines notwendigen Gestaltungsspielraums des Gesetzgebers im nicht unionsrechtlich harmonisierten Steuerrecht andererseits herauszuarbeiten. Der Autor untersucht die einzelnen Tatbestandsmerkmale des Beihilfeverbots in Art. 107 AEUV im Hinblick auf die Besonderheiten des nationalen Steuerrechts. Dabei wird die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs kritisch hinterfragt und ein eigener Prüfungsmaßstab entwickelt.
This book examines to what extent the right of self-defence, as laid down in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, permits States to launch military operations against other States. In ...particular, it focuses on the occurrence of an 'armed attack' - the crucial trigger for the activation of this right. In light of the developments since 9/11, the author analyses relevant physical and verbal customary practice, ranging from the 1974 Definition of Aggression to recent incidents such as the 2001 US intervention in Afghanistan and the 2006 Israeli intervention in Lebanon. The notion of 'armed attack' is examined from a threefold perspective. What acts can be regarded as an 'armed attack'? When can an 'armed attack' be considered to take place? And from whom must an 'armed attack' emanate? By way of conclusion, the different findings are brought together in a draft 'Definition of Armed Attack'.
Domestic courts contribute to the maintenance of the rule of international law by providing judicial control over the exercises of public powers that may conflict with international law. This book ...comprehensively explores this issue and focuses mainly on judicial control of exercise of public powers by states.
This book examines Russian approaches to international law from three different yet closely interconnected perspectives: history, theory, and recent state practice. The study uses comparative ...international law as a starting point and argues that in order to understand post-Soviet Russia’s state and scholarly approaches to international law, one should take into account the history of ideas in Russia. To some extent, Russian understandings of international law differ from what is considered the mainstream in the West. One specific feature of this work is that it goes inside the language of international law as it is spoken and discussed in post-Soviet Russia, especially the scholarly literature in the Russian language, and relates this literature to the history of international law as discipline in Russia. Recent state practice such as the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia’s record in the UN SC, the European Court of Human Rights, investor-state arbitration, and the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union are laid out and discussed in the context of increasingly popular ‘civilizational’ ideas, i.e. the claim that Russia is a unique civilization and not part of Europe understood as the West. The implications of this claim for the future of international law, its universality and regionalism are discussed. This study concludes the author’s five-year work on ERC-funded grant that enabled him to attend international law conferences in Russia and other CIS countries, as well as get access to relevant sources that often cannot be so easily accessed in the West.
This book analyses the primary relevant rules of international law applicable to extraterritorial use of force by states against non-state actors. Force in this context takes many forms, ranging from ...targeted killings and abductions of individuals to large-scale military operations amounting to armed conflict. Actions of this type have occurred in what has become known as the ‘war on terror’, but are not limited to this context, and the analysis in this book covers a more definable scope: unilateral, extraterritorial, forcible measures against non-state actors. Three frameworks of international law are examined. These are the framework of international law regulating the resort to force in the territory of other states, the law of armed conflict, and international human rights law. The book examines the applicability of these frameworks to extraterritorial forcible measures against non-state actors, and analyses the difficulties and challenges presented by application of the rules to these measures. The issues covered include, among others: the possibility of self-defence against non-state actors, including anticipatory self-defence, the lawfulness of measures that do not conform to the parameters of self-defence, the classification of extraterritorial force against non-state actors as armed conflict, the ‘war on terror’ as an armed conflict, the laws of armed conflict regulating force against groups and individuals, the extraterritorial applicability of international human rights law, and the regulation of forcible measures under human rights law.
Liberals claim that globalization has led to fragmentation and decentralized networks of
power relations. This does not explain how states increasingly “weaponize interdependence”
by leveraging ...global networks of informational and financial exchange for strategic
advantage. The theoretical literature on network topography shows how standard models
predict that many networks grow asymmetrically so that some nodes are far more connected
than others. This model nicely describes several key global economic networks, centering
on the United States and a few other states. Highly asymmetric networks allow states with
(1) effective jurisdiction over the central economic nodes and (2) appropriate domestic
institutions and norms to weaponize these structural advantages for coercive ends. In
particular, two mechanisms can be identified. First, states can employ the “panopticon
effect” to gather strategically valuable information. Second, they can employ the
“chokepoint effect” to deny network access to adversaries. Tests of the plausibility of
these arguments across two extended case studies that provide variation both in the extent
of U.S. jurisdiction and in the presence of domestic institutions—the SWIFT financial
messaging system and the internet—confirm the framework's expectations. A better
understanding of the policy implications of the use and potential overuse of these tools,
as well as the response strategies of targeted states, will recast scholarly debates on
the relationship between economic globalization and state coercion.
Dieses Buch ist eine Open-Access-Publikation unter einer CC BY 4.0 Lizenz. Subsidiarität ist zu einem Schlüsselbegriff des Diskurses um die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) geworden. Neben ...seiner vielbeachteten materiell-rechtlichen Funktion kommt dem Begriff auch eine verfahrensrechtliche Tragweite zu. Das vorliegende Buch widmet sich dieser prozessualen Dimension des Subsidiaritätsprinzips und beleuchtet das Verhältnis von nationalen Gerichten und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) mit Blick auf die Tatsachenfeststellung. Konkret geht es einerseits um die Frage, wie der EGMR mit Tatsachen umgehen soll, die erst nach Abschluss des nationalen Verfahrens entstanden sind oder vor dem EGMR neu vorgebracht werden (echte und unechte Noven). Anderseits ist aufzuzeigen, ob und unter welchen Umständen der EGMR von den Tatsachenfeststellungen der nationalen Gerichte abweichen darf.
