The article presents the problem of rapid antigen tests when they become mass waste after use. Based on this, the hypothesis was made that rapid antigen tests can be recycled. Rapid antigen tests, ...which were used in the Covid-19 epidemic to quickly detect infections in the population or to confirm the presence of the Sars-Cov 2 virus in patients, were intended to limit the spread of the epidemic. To confirm the hypothesis of recycling for rapid antigen tests, the LFIA-REC ATP 150 project was prepared, which was selected for co-financing by the Norwegian Fund. Rapid antigen tests consist of a sample and conjugate pad, detectable or nitrocellulose membranes and absorbent pads and a plastic case. The function of the sample pad is to evenly absorb the sample (mucus, blood) and lead it to the conjugate pad with a steady flow. Gold nanoparticles (labels) are deposited on the conjugate pad. The key is that the gold nanoparticles are conjugated with capture molecules capable of binding to potentially present antibodies or virus in the sample. The scope of the research problem thus required the inclusion of various characterization techniques that must be applied to the individual material in the rapid antigen test to subsequently develop an efficient recycling process for the rapid antigen tests. The result of the research presented in this paper represents a newly developed algorithm of characterization techniques, which includes a recommended description of the preparation of samples of key materials from rapid antigen tests. This algorithm successfully achieved the characterization of gold nanoparticles from rapid antigen tests. Based on the developed algorithm, the final part of the project will validate the recycling process of rapid antigen tests, so that they can be recycled, i.e. gold nanoparticles or plastic used in new products. The paper presents the algorithm of characterization techniques with a description of the preparation of material samples from rapid antigen tests.
The paper discusses four Ag-Au-Pd-Cu dental alloys, with different chemical compositions, which are used to produce fixed dental-prosthetic structures. These dental alloys must have a low level of ...biological risk after being implanted in the oral cavity, which means minimal release of ions from their surface, or the absence of corrosion, and, recently, the absence of ferromagnetism has been introduced as an additional requirement. The latter requirement is particularly important when magnetic resonance (MR) is used in the medical diagnosis of a patient who has an implanted fixed dental-prosthetic structure. With this technique, the internal structure of the human body is imaged using a strong magnetic field, radio waves and computer technology. Therefore, the absence of ferromagnetic, embedded biomaterials is necessary in the part of the body where medical diagnostics are performed. Microstructural investigations of four Ag-Au-Pd-Cu dental alloys (Auropal S, Auropal SE, Midor S and Midor SE) and measurements of their magnetic properties were carried out as part of the research. The results showed that Ag-Au-Pd-Cu dental alloys have a stable microstructure, which allows them to be processed later into fixed prosthetic constructions. The measurements of the magnetic properties showed that the Ag-Au-Pd-Cu dental alloys are diamagnetic.
The latest research is about ProsopisJuliflora’s mining and characterization officers. The fibres were cut, chemically treated using sodium and hydrochloric acid (alkali) solutions. Chemically ...modified and non-modified fibres have been analysed for their thermal, chemical, crystalline, electrical, morphological and tensile characteristics. The findings showed that a cellulose content was increased by 59.8 % with a reduction of amorphous content and humidity by chemical treatment with alkali. However, due to its acid-plus attacks whose values were lower than untreated, the treatment for hydrochloric acid reduced cellulosis material. There were four hundred and seventeen nm of crystalline fibre of alkaline therapy, less than one 68.01 nm. Thus the ProsopisJuliflora can be suggested for lightweight polymer applications as a possible reinforcement.
Kvržične bakterije u simbioznim zajednicama s mahunarkama omogućuju značajan unos biološki vezanog dušika u tlo. Veliku važnost ima odabir sojeva koji su otporni na stresne uvjete u tlu. Danas se sve ...više susrećemo s ekstremnim vremenskim uvjetima te je od iznimne važnosti selekcija visoko učinkovitih sojeva kvržičnih bakterija (rizobija) kako bi predsjetvena bakterizacija sjemena mahunarki bila uspješna. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi fenotipske karakteristike sojeva kvržičnih bakterija izoliranih iz kvržica soje u uvjetima koji su izvan optimalnih vrijednosti za njihov rast. Uzorci tla za izolaciju sojeva prikupljeni su s područja Koprivničko-križevačke, Bjelovarsko-bilogorske i Vukovarsko- srijemske županije. Sposobnost rasta sojeva ispitivana je na različitim pH vrijednostima, temperaturama, koncentracijama soli, izvorima ugljikohidrata te je testirana osjetljivost na antibiotike. U svrhu utvrđivanja biokemijskog statusa svakog pojedinog izolata provedena su tri biokemijska testa (oksidaza, ureaza i katalaza) te su istražene morfološke karakteristike izolata. Utvrđeno je da je većina autohtonih sojeva rizobija iz ovog istraživanja u in vitro uvjetima pokazala značajnu otpornost na ispitivane uvjete, ali i da se međusobno značajno razlikuju po određenim svojstvima. Izolati K2 i K3 iz Koprivničko-križevačke županije pokazali su najveću tolerantnost na povišene koncentracije soli. Od ispitivanih antibiotika, ampicilin je imao najslabiji utjecaj na izolate, dok su na streptomicin izolati bili najosjetljiviji. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na značaj selekcije autohtonih sojeva rizobija.
Kako tematika vezana uz ribarske mreže nije sustavno obrađena u okviru novije stručne i znanstvene literature objavljene u Hrvatskoj, u okviru ovog rada dan je osvrt na tematiku temeljen na novoj ...zakonodavnoj i normativnoj regulativi uz pregled relevantne stručne i znanstvene literature. Prikazan je detaljan pregled podjele ribarskih mreža prema načinu lova, materijalima od kojih se izrađuju (vlakana i pređa) te načinu izrade ribarskih mreža. Kroz pregled normi vezanih uz tematiku istraživanja dan je i pregled osnovnih pojmova vezanih uz ribarske mreže, pojedine elemente mreže te mrežnog oka, kao i načina rezanja, učvršćivanja, spajanja i postavljanja mreža. Opisane su metode za karakterizaciju i redovitu kontrolu kvalitete gotovog proizvoda te ukazano na dimenzijska ograničenja ribolovnih mrežnih alata propisana ulaskom Hrvatske u EU.
Food authenticity in a broader sense means fulfilling chemical and physical criteria prescribed by the proposed legislation. In the case of honey authenticity, two aspects are of major concern: the ...manufacturing process and the labelling of final products in terms of their geographical and botanical origin. A reliable assessment of honey authenticity has been a longterm preoccupation of chemists-analysts and it usually involves the use of several criteria and chemical markers, as well as a combination of analytical and statistical (chemometric) methods. This paper provides an overview of different criteria and modern methods for the assessment of honey authenticity in the case of a statistically significant number of authentic honey samples of several botanical types from various regions of Serbia.
Izvornost hrane u širem smislu znači udovoljavanje kemijskim i fizikalnim kriterijima koji su propisani zakonodavstvom. U pogledu izvornosti meda, dva su ključna aspekta: proizvodni proces i označavanje proizvoda u smislu zemljopisnog i botaničkog podrijetla. Pouzdana procjena izvornosti meda, koja uobičajeno uključuje korištenje nekoliko kriterija i kemijskih markera te kombinaciju analitičkih i statističkih (kemometrijskih) metoda, već dugo vremena zaokuplja pozornost kemijskih analitičara. Ovaj rad pruža uvid u različite kriterije i moderne metode za procjenu izvornosti meda koristeći se slučajem statistički značajnog broja uzoraka izvornog meda nekoliko botaničkih tipova iz različitih regija u Srbiji.
Die zeitgenössische deutsche Schriftstellerin Ruth Berger beschreibt in ihrem Roman Gretchen aus dem Jahre 2007 das Schicksal der jungen Dienstmagd Susanna Margaretha Brand. Im breiten Spektrum ...prominenter historischer Gestalten der Frankfurter Gesellschaft aus der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts wird der Familie Goethe besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. In diesem Beitrag werden ihre Figuren charakterisiert und ihre interpersonalen Bezüge im intertextuellen Kontext dargestellt.
In the period from 2007 to 2011 constant high levels of viral infections were detected in 61 cucurbit growing localities in Serbia. The frequency of viral infection fluctuated over the years, ranging ...from 30-50% in 2007, to the extremely high 80% in the epidemic year of 2008, while it was constant and around 40% in the next two years. In the last year of investigation, the frequency reached a very high level of 60%. Serological testing of 1100 collected samples proved the presence of three viruses: Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Additional testing of symptomatic samples revealed the presence of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), which represents the first detection of CABYV in Serbia, and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which is the first report of TSWV on cucurbits in Serbia and the first report of Cucurbita maxima as natural host plant worldwide. ZYMV was the most prevalent virus during this five year survey. Mixed infections were the most frequent infection type in the first two years, while single infection prevailed in the last three years of investigation. During this investigation, transmission of ZYMV by seeds of C. pepo var. styriaca, C. maxima and C. moschata was proved. Both annual and perennial weeds, which are present during the establishment of cucurbit crops, and in the beginning stages of vegetation, were infected with ZYMV, WMV, CMV and TSWV. The most prevalent was TSWV which was detected in eight different weed species, the second most prevalent virus in weeds was CMV, detected in seven different weed species, while the prevalence of ZYMV and WMV was similar and they were detected in five and four weed species, respectively. A high diversity of aphids which are visiting cucurbit crops was detected through the determination of 57 aphid taxons. The most common aphid species were Aphis fabae, Anoecia corni, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum. The greatest diversity and the largest number of aphids were detected in the first few weeks after plant sprouting. The detection and identification of the species level for all five cucurbit viruses in Serbia were confirmed by RT-PCR method and suitable specific primers. Bioassay on 45 test plants was used to determine phenotypic variability and host range for ZYMV, WMV and CMV. During the course of this investigation protocols for molecular detection of all five cucurbit viruses in Serbia were established or improved. Molecular characterizations of ZYMV, WMV, CMV, TSWV and CABYV were conducted by sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Sequence analysis of the CP gene revealed that Serbian ZYMV isolates belong to the Central European group of isolates. Sequence analysis based on NIb and CP genes showed that Serbian WMV isolates are grouped in two groups, and one of them represents a group of "emerging" strains containing isolates which are known for causing severe damaging symptoms on cucurbits, and this represents the first report of these isolates in Serbia. Based on the CP gene of cucurbit, CMV isolates from Serbia are classified within subgroup IA, and Serbian TSWV isolates, based on the N gene, in subgroup 1 of the European group together with other Serbian TSWV isolates. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the overlapping CP and MP genes, CABYV isolates were grouped into two groups. The majority of isolates from Serbia were grouped in the Mediterranean group, together with other isolates originating from Europe and the Mediterranean region, while some isolates were grouped with the Asian isolates in the Asian group. The obtained results illustrate that cucurbit viruses in Serbia are a dynamic and diverse group of pathogens, based on the number of species, their diversity and differences in the biological, epidemiological and molecular characteristics, which explains the occasional occurrence of epidemics and difficulties in virus control.
U periodu od 2007. do 2011. godine na 61 lokalitetu gajenja tikava u Srbiji utvrđeno je stalno prisustvo virusa sa visokim intenzitetom zaraze. Učestalost virusne zaraze se po godinama mijenjala i kretala od 30-50% u 2007. godini, preko izuzetno visokih 80% u epidemijskoj 2008. godini, da bi tokom naredne dvije godine bila konstantna i kretala se oko 40%. U posljednjoj godini ispitivanja zaraza je ponovo dostigla čak 60%. Serološkim testiranjem 1100 uzoraka sakupljenih sa 19 vrsta, sorti i varijeteta tikava detektovano je prisustvo tri virusa: virusa žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), virusa mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV) i virusa mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV). Dodatnim testiranjem simptomatičnih uzoraka detektovano je prisustvo virusa žutila tikava perzistentno prenosivog vašima (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV), što predstavlja prvi nalaz ovog virusa u Srbiji i virusa bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), što je prvi nalaz ovog virusa na tikvama u Srbiji, ali i prvi nalaz u prirodnoj infekciji na Cucurbita maxima u svijetu. Najzastupljeniji virus tokom pet godina ispitivanja bio je ZYMV. Tokom prve dvije godine najčešće su bile detektovane miješane infekcije, a u poslednje tri godine pojedinačne. U okviru ovih istraživanja dokazano je prenošenje ZYMV sjemenom Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, C. maxima i C. moschata. Utvrđena je zaraženost jednogodišnjih i višegodišnjih korovskih biljaka, koje su prisutne u vrijeme zasnivanja usjeva tikava i u početnim fazama vegetacije, sa ZYMV, WMV, CMV i TSWV. Najzastupljeniji je bio TSWV, a njegovo prisustvo je dokazano u osam različitih korovskih vrsta, sljedeći po zastupljenosti je bio CMV, dokazan u sedam vrsta korova, dok su ZYMV i WMV bili slični po zastupljenosti, a dokazani su u pet, odnosno četiri korovske vrste. Pokazan je visok diverzitet biljnih vaši koje posjećuju usjeve tikava kroz determinaciju 57 taksona. Najzastupljenije vrste vaši bile su Aphis fabae, Anoecia corni, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae i Acyrthosiphon pisum. Najveći diverzitet i najveća brojnost vrsta vaši bila je u prvim nedjeljama po nicanju biljaka. Detekcija i identifikacija do nivoa vrste svih prouzrokovača virusnih oboljenja na tikvama u Srbiji potvrđena je primjenom RT-PCR metode i odgovarajućih specifičnih prajmera i sekvencioniranjem. Fenotipska varijabilnost i krug domaćina za ZYMV, WMV i CMV ispitivani su primjenom biotesta na ukupno 45 test biljaka. U toku ovih istraživanja su uspostavljeni ili unaprijeđeni protokoli za molekularnu detekciju svih pet virusa koji se javljaju na tikvama u Srbiji. Obavljena je molekularna karakterizacija ZYMV, WMV, CMV, TSWV i CABYV analizom sekvenici i filogenetskim analizama. Analize sekvenci CP gena izolata ZYMV porijeklom iz Srbije su pokazale da oni pripadaju Centralno-evropskoj grupi izolata. Analize sekvenci WMV izolata, na osnovu NIb i CP gena pokazale su da se izolati WMV iz Srbije grupišu u dvije grupe, od čega jedna predstavlja grupu „emerging“ izolata koji prouzrokuju izražene simptome i velike štete, što predstavlja prvi nalaz ovih izolata u Srbiji. Na osnovu CP gena, izolati CMV iz tikava iz Srbije svrstali su se u okviru podgrupe IA, a izolati TSWV na osnovu N gena u okviru podgrupe 1 Evropske grupe, zajedno sa drugim izolatima ovog virusa iz Srbije. Na osnovu filogenetskih analiza preklapajućih CP i MP gena izolati CABYV grupisali su se u dvije grupe, većina izolata iz Srbije našla se u okviru Mediteranske grupe zajedno sa ostalim izolatima porijeklom iz Evrope i mediteranskog regiona, dok su se pojedini izolati grupisali sa Azijskim izolatima u okviru Azijske grupe. Dobijeni rezultati ilustruju kako su virusi tikava u Srbiji dinamična i raznovrsna grupa patogena, kako po broju zastupljenih vrsta tako i po njihovom diverzitetu i ispoljenim razlikama u biološkim, epidemiološkim i molekularnim osobinama, što objašnjava povremenu epidemijsku pojavu i teškoće u kontroli.
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