This article aims at clarifying the influence of Joseph de Maistre on the monarchical idea of Kuga Katsunan. Whereas the first generation of Japanese intellectuals in the Meiji era like Fukuzawa ...Yukichi tried to unconditionally absorb and assimilate European ideas and knowledge, Kuga Katsunan learned from de Maistre how to resist the Europeanisation of Japan. Kuga's nationalism maintained Japan's 'independence' without, however, rejecting European ideas and knowledge, and considered Japanese nationalist ideas and knowledge as the new ones that were born internally from the spontaneous development of a set of Japanese traditional ideas and knowledge. These values derive, concretely, from the communitarianism of knowledge that Maistre developed against the individualism of the Enlightenment. According to Joseph de Maistre's thought on the sovereign, the sovereign's function consists in connecting all nations to their national reason. This thought influences Kuga's ideas on the emperor of Japan: his emphasis on Japan's 'unbroken line of emperors', on the emperor's coordination of three political powers, on the Constitution's superiority to the emperor, and on the emperor's lack of any particular inclination.
Poredbom
dubrovačkih izvora za drugu polovinu 14. stoljeća ustanovljeno je da se
kroničarski opisi epidemija koje su u to vrijeme pogodile Dubrovnik moraju
uzimati s rezervom. Nužna je provjera ...podataka koje donose dubrovačke kronike,
i to poglavito sučeljavanjem s podacima sadržanim u suvremenim zapisnicima
dubrovačkih vijeća. Nažalost, za dio godina u promatranom razdoblju ti
zapisnici nisu sačuvani, no kao „kontrolni element” provjere točnosti
kroničarskih zapisa mogu poslužiti oporuke, čija je brojnost rasla upravo u
godinama kad je Grad pogodila epidemija.
A comparison of various Dubrovnik sources relevant for
the second half of the 14th century has established that the chroniclers’
records of epidemics that struck Dubrovnik during that time must be taken with
a grain of salt. It is necessary to double-check the data provided by the
Dubrovnik chronicles, especially by juxtaposing them with the information
provided by the minutes of Dubrovnik’s councils from the same period.
Unfortunately, such records have not been preserved for a part of the observed
period, but last wills can be used as another “corrective” for the accuracy of the
chroniclers’ records, as their number increased in the years when the City was
struck by the epidemic.
Slavonija i Srijem, kao pogranična područja
Dunavske Monarhije, kroz čitavo XVIII. stoljeće su bili izloženi osmanskoj
ugrozi, ali i prodoru kuge preko sanitarnog kordona. Iako se kuga više puta
...javljala u neposrednoj blizini Slavonije i Srijema, nije uvijek prešla državnu
granicu. No, uz sve mjere, zaraza je nekoliko puta pronašla put do
slavonsko-srijemskog prostora tijekom XVIII. stoljeća. Nameće se pitanje kakvi
to uvjeti moraju vladati da bi se kuga pojavila i održala na određenom
prostoru. Cilj rada je predstaviti uvjete na slavonsko-srijemskom prostoru u
kojima se kuga javljala tijekom epidemija tzv. erdeljske i iriške kuge. Kako je
za razvoj epidemije neke bolesti važna kolektivna otpornost, najprije je
napravljen kratki osvrt na imunitet Slavonaca i Srijemaca. Na to se nadovezuje osvrt
na smrtnost u odnosu na spol. Imunitet predstavlja proizvod brojnih čimbenika,
među kojima su ishrana i gladovanje. Upravo su ta dva čimbenika posebno
predstavljena u radu. Za razvoj bakterija i njihovih prijenosnika moraju se
osigurati određeni uvjeti u okolišu, koji su predstavljeni u cjelinama o vremenskim
uvjetima i čovjekovu okolišu. Nadalje, važnu ulogu u širenju epidemije imaju
prijenosnici, pa je posebna pažnja posvećena životinjama koje su dovedene u
korelaciju s kugom. S obzirom na to da su brojni suvremenici dovodili pojavu
kuge u korelaciju s potresom. dat je poseban osvrt na ove dvije pojave u
Slavoniji i Srijemu tijekom XVIII. stoljeća.
Slavonia and Syrmia, as border areas, of the Danube Monarchy were throughout the 18th century exposed to the threat not only of the Ottoman Empire but also of the inroads of the plague through the cordon sanitaire. Although the plague did appear several times in the immediate
vicinity of Slavonia and Syrmia, it did not always cross the state border. However, despite all measures, during the 18th century the infectious disease found its way to the Slavonian-Syrmian area. Hence, the question arises as to what conditions had to prevail for the plague to appear and spread within a certain area. The aim of the paper is to describe the conditions in the Slavonian-Syrmian area in which the plague appeared during the epidemics in Erdelj and Irig. Because herd immunity plays a significant role in the development of an epidemic, this paper first provides a short review on the immunity of the Slavonians and Syrmians, followed by a review of the mortality related to gender. Immunity is the result of numerous factors, among others, of diet and famine; in this paper particular attention has been paid to these two factors. The development of bacteria and their vectors requires certain environmental conditions, which are discussed in the chapters Weather Conditions and Human Environment. The vectors play a significant role in the spreading of an epidemic; hence, particular attention has been paid to animals in relation to the plague. In view of
the fact that numerous contemporaries referred to the correlation between the plague and the earthquake, a special review of these two factors in Slavonia and Syrmia during the 18th century has been provided.
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