. Motivated by differences in new‐firm survival across regions, this paper explores the impact of regional human capital on new‐firm survival rates. New‐firm survival is interpreted through ...formation rates of surviving versus closed firms in the service sector. By incorporating knowledge spillovers through a geographical variation model for Labour Market Areas, we empirically test the relationship between regional human capital stocks and new‐firm survival. The expected positive relationship between regional human capital and new‐firm survival is supported for the period 1993–1995, but is not as strong for the recession period 1990–1992. Controlling for human capital, the new‐firm survival rate is negatively related to service sector specialisation and positively related to all‐industry intensity, suggesting that city size and diversity may be an important determinant of new‐firm survival in both periods.
. Motivado por las diferencias entre economías regionales en la supervivencia de nuevas empresas, este artículo explora el impacto del capital humano regional en las tasas de supervivencia de nuevas empresas. La supervivencia de nuevas empresas se interpreta a través de las tasas de formación de empresas supervivientes respecto de empresas que han cerrado en el sector servicios. Mediante la incorporación de spillovers (efectos derrame) de conocimiento en un modelo de variación geográfica para Áreas de Mercado Laboral, analizamos empíricamente la relación entre reservas de capital humano y la supervivencia de nuevas empresas. La esperada relación positiva entre el capital humano regional y la supervivencia de nuevas empresas es válida para el periodo 1993‐1995, pero no lo es tanto para el periodo de recesión 1990‐1992. Controlando la variable capital humano, la tasa de supervivencia de nuevas empresas esta relacionada negativamente con la especialización del sector servicios y positivamente relacionada a la intensidad del total de industrias, sugiriendo que el tamaño de la ciudad y la diversidad podría ser un factor determinante de la supervivencia de nuevas empresas en ambos periodos.
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial job losses and an economic decline in European labour markets, with various effects observed at regional level. The unemployment rate experienced a sharp ...increase, disproportionately impacting the younger generation and individuals with limited skills. The prevalence of remote work has risen, creating difficulties in maintaining a healthy work-life balance. The three research questions concern: (1) examining scientific literature; (2) validating the effects of COVID-19 on the labour market; and (3) identifying the indicators and regions in Europe that have been most significantly affected. The study begins by performing an exploratory analysis of the data, then proceeds to an examination of the principal components to reduce dimensionality. It concludes with a cluster analysis to enhance the visualisation of different regions. The results are in conformity with the scientific literature but also indicate specificities for different regions or indicators. While most studies concentrate on examining the effects of this phenomenon on just a couple of European countries, the present research extensively analyses all regions across the continent. Furthermore, the study spans a prolonged period from 2018 to 2022, covering the period preceding the pandemic, the crisis itself, and the aftermath. The final contribution regards the methodology used, which considers both approaches utilised in the research.
Private consumption is considered one of the main drivers of economic growth in Western Balkan countries. The main aim of this study is to estimate the impact of private consumption on the economic ...growth of the Western Balkans, including the North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Housing wealth was even the main driver of total private consumption in the European Union (EU) countries as a whole (Barradas, 2017). Based on an extensive literature review for panel data, this study uses econometric models with fixed effect, random effect, and Hausman-Taylor test. The data are taken from the World Development Indicators by country (The World Bank, n.d.) and cover the period 2010–2019. Based on the Hausman-Taylor test, the model that fits a small sample as in our case is chosen as the fixed effect. The results of the estimator show that a 1% increase in final consumption leads to a 0.43% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth and that, on the other hand, a 1% increase in the employment rate increases GDP by 0.11%. The most important domestic factor continues to be private consumption, driven by record levels in the labour market and further strengthening of household purchasing power (Bank of Slovenia, 2020). The study concludes that private consumption is the main driver of economic growth and sustainability in the case of the Western Balkans.
This paper examines the impact of the fourth partial revision of the law of unemployment insurance (AVIG) on unemployment dynamics in Switzerland at a cantonal level. The authors apply the Synthetic ...Control Method (SCM), a matching method for comparative case studies. A counterfactual analysis of the cases studied is performed by combining a control group of several untreated units, which provides a better comparison to the treatment group than a single unit. The control unit is designed as a weighted average of the available cantons in the donor pool, taking into account the similarities between the chosen controls and the treated unit. Once policy changes are controlled, the results suggest a significant effect on the unemployment rate at a cantonal level: the reform had a discernible impact on lowering the unemployment rate in the Italian- and French-speaking cantons in Switzerland.
I combine a regression discontinuity design with rich data on academic and labor market outcomes for a large sample of Florida students to estimate the returns to college admission for academically ...marginal students. Students with grades just above a threshold for admissions eligibility at a large public university in Florida are much more likely to attend any university than below-threshold students. The marginal admission yields earnings gains of 22% between 8 and 14 years after high school completion. These gains outstrip the costs of college attendance, and they are largest for male students and free-lunch recipients.
This paper is the first to provide estimates of how minimum wages affect worker flows and employment growth rates in an employment scarce developing country context. We investigate the effects of a ...large, exogenous increase in agricultural minimum wages in South Africa. We find that changes occurred primarily among non‐seasonal workers. Non‐seasonal agricultural employment growth decreased in the initial periods after the minimum wage hike. This was mainly driven by slower rates of entry. The effect on the rate of entry decreases over time. While farms also responded by shedding non‐seasonal workers at higher rates, this negative effect was limited to 1 year directly after the minimum wage hike. Employment growth recovers 4 years after the policy shock, indicating that firms adjusted relatively quickly despite the large legislated minimum wage increase. Seasonal employment growth and rates of entry and exit of seasonal workers were for the most part unaffected. Descriptive statistics, however, suggest a slight compositional change among seasonal workers: Farms replaced the worst paid seasonal workers with other low‐income workers who were slightly better paid and presumably more productive.
Over the past 30 years, the U. S. inmate population has increased dramatically, and the penal system has acquired growing attention in accounts of recent trends in economic stratification. As the ...prison system has expanded, its population has aged; incarceration rates have risen sharpest among older age groups. A large body of research documents differences in criminal offending and incarceration over the life course, but little attention has been paid to how the effects of spending time in prison depend on the timing of incarceration in the life course. Using state administrative data that provide significant variance in the age of offenders, this article investigates how the timing of incarceration in the life course influences its effects on post-release employment and wages. We do not find consistent evidence that incarceration effects vary by age at admission. Instead, incarceration appears to have important consequences for employment and wage outcomes regardless of when individuals are admitted to prison. Even the most motivated offenders suffer sizeable and significant wage penalties and, over time, decreased likelihood of employment. These findings underscore the relevance of legal and institutional shifts associated with carcerai expansion and the aging of the inmate population for life course theories of criminal desistance, accounts of labor market inequality, and prisoner reentry programs.
Affirmative action in education Bertrand, Marianne; Hanna, Rema; Mullainathan, Sendhil
Journal of public economics,
02/2010, Volume:
94, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper examines an affirmative action program for “lower-caste” groups in engineering colleges in India. We study both the targeting properties of the program, and its implications for labor ...market outcomes. We find that affirmative action successfully targets the financially disadvantaged: the upper-caste applicants that are displaced by affirmative action come from a richer economic background than the lower-caste applicants that are displacing them. Targeting by caste, however, may lead to the exclusion of other disadvantaged groups. For example, caste-based targeting reduces the overall number of females entering engineering colleges. We find that despite poor entrance exam scores, lower-caste entrants obtain a positive return to admission. Our estimates, however, also suggest that these gains may come at an absolute cost because the income losses experienced by displaced upper-caste applicants are larger than the income gains experienced by displacing lower-caste students. Limited sample sizes in our preferred econometric specifications, however, prevent us from drawing strong conclusions from these labor market findings.
In recent years, the role of human capital in economic development has been integrated with the concept of ‘creative class’. To investigate the impact of creative occupations, the paper focuses on ...the jobs and career opportunities of individuals with high human capital in the creative disciplines (bohemian graduates). Using micro‐individual student data by the Higher Education Statistical Agency, we highlight the mismatch between bohemian graduates and creative occupations and their low economic reward. The data question the role of bohemian graduates as agents of knowledge spillovers and highlight the need to differentiate between different type of human capital and job markets to better understand their influence on local growth.
El rol del capital humano en el desarrollo económico ha incorporado en los últimos años el concepto de la ‘clase creativa’. Para investigar el impacto de los puestos de trabajo creativos, este artículo se centra en los puestos y oportunidades laborales de individuos con un capital humano elevado dentro de las disciplinas creativas (graduados bohemios). Utilizando datos micro‐individuales de estudiantes de la Agencia Estadística de Educación Superior (HESA, U.K.) ponemos de manifiesto la falta de concordancia entre graduados bohemios, ocupaciones creativas, y baja remuneración económica. Los datos cuestionan el papel de los graduados bohemios como agentes de spillovers de conocimiento y resaltan la necesidad de distinguir entre tipos diferentes de capital humano y mercados laborales para entender mejor su influencia en el crecimiento local.
Borrowed sizes Bohman, Helena; Nilsson, Désirée
Journal of transport and land use,
01/2021, Volume:
14, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study ...provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
PDF
