Why has CEO Pay Increased So Much? Gabaix, Xavier; Landier, Augustin
The Quarterly journal of economics,
02/2008, Volume:
123, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper develops a simple equilibrium model of CEO pay. CEOs have different talents and are matched to firms in a competitive assignment model. In market equilibrium, a CEO's pay depends on both ...the size of his firm and the aggregate firm size. The model determines the level of CEO pay across firms and over time, offering a benchmark for calibratable corporate finance. We find a very small dispersion in CEO talent, which nonetheless justifies large pay differences. In recent decades at least, the size of large firms explains many of the patterns in CEO pay, across firms, over time, and between countries. In particular, in the baseline specification of the model's parameters, the sixfold increase of U.S. CEO pay between 1980 and 2003 can be fully attributed to the sixfold increase in market capitalization of large companies during that period.
Does limited attention among investors affect stock returns? We compare the response to earnings announcements on Friday, when investor inattention is more likely, to the response on other weekdays. ...If inattention influences stock prices, we should observe less immediate response and more drift for Friday announcements. Indeed, Friday announcements have a 15% lower immediate response and a 70% higher delayed response. A portfolio investing in differential Friday drift earns substantial abnormal returns. In addition, trading volume is 8% lower around Friday announcements. These findings support explanations of post-earnings announcement drift based on underreaction to information caused by limited attention.
Short Sellers and Financial Misconduct KARPOFF, JONATHAN M.; LOU, XIAOXIA
The Journal of finance (New York),
October 2010, Volume:
65, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We examine whether short sellers detect firms that misrepresent their financial statements, and whether their trading conveys external costs or benefits to other investors. Abnormal short interest ...increases steadily in the 19 months before the misrepresentation is publicly revealed, particularly when the misconduct is severe. Short selling is associated with a faster time-to-discovery, and it dampens the share price inflation that occurs when firms misstate their earnings. These results indicate that short sellers anticipate the eventual discovery and severity of financial misconduct. They also convey external benefits, helping to uncover misconduct and keeping prices closer to fundamental values.
Price Efficiency and Short Selling Saffi, Pedro A. C.; Sigurdsson, Kari
Review of financial studies/The Review of financial studies,
03/2011, Volume:
24, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This article presents a study of how stock price efficiency and return distributions are affected by short-sale constraints. The study is based on a global dataset, from 2005 to 2008, that includes ...more than 12,600 stocks from 26 countries. We present two main findings. First, lending supply has a significant impact on efficiency. Stocks with higher short-sale constraints, measured as low lending supply, have lower price efficiency. Second, relaxing short-sales constraints is not associated with an increase in either price instability or the occurrence of extreme negative returns.
This study investigated the impact of stock market development (SMD) on economic growth (EG) among emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) in Asia. The data sample includes eight Asian ...EMDEs (China, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 2008 to 2019. These countries share several similarities, so this ensures reliability of the results. Regarding the analysis, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is used for the estimation. The results show that SMD exerts a positive impact on EG. This finding confirms the importance of SMD in improving efficient capital accumulation and allocation, and also allows investors to reduce risks and increase liquidity, which will boost EG. Further, the significant influence of domestic credit (DC), control of corruption (CC), and inflation (INF) on EG is also highlighted. These findings are valuable empirical evidence that greatly contributes to reinforcing the suitability of classical economic growth theories, especially the theory of endogenous growth. They are also essential to EMDEs in Asia. Accordingly, the EMDEs should develop effective policies to improve the stock market’s scale, which contributes substantially to the development of EG. Moreover, these economies need to pursue many appropriate policies in sync, such as stimulating SMD, improving governance effectiveness and implementing effective macroeconomic policies.
Acknowledgment This study was funded by the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), Vietnam (grant number: 21/1TCNH01).
The progress of financial markets depends on the way world investors foresee the market potential of the country of choice. Countries that are associated with favorable economic incentives are able ...to motivate investments in their respective stock markets. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of the many economic components which constitute the Market Potential Index in enhancing stock market progress. The methodology goes through testing and estimation. The tests include linearity versus nonlinearity (RESET), normality, and cointegration. The estimation includes cointegration regression and discriminant analysis to distinguish between high and low stock market progress. This study examines unbalanced panel data that covers the years 1996–2022 for 54 countries where a stock market exists. The results show the following: (a) increases in people’s expenditure result in decreases in consumption of investment in financial securities; (b) the investments in infrastructure technology is positively associated with stock market progress; (c) the positive effect of economic freedom indicates that further adaptive trading regulations are beneficial to stock market progress; (d) increases in imports consume large proportions of people’s income, coming at the expense of investment in financial securities; (e) stock markets that are associated with high country risk are characterized by a positive risk–return tradeoff, i.e., a high risk premium; (f) the stock markets listed in the MPI can reach high progress by improving three indicators, namely commercial infrastructure, market receptivity, and country risk. This paper offers a thorough and unique examination of the institutional arrangements and stock market progress. The paper offers a guide to policy makers about how economic institutional arrangements can be promoted in order to reach high stock market progress.
We examine the effect of institutional ownership on corporate disclosure policy using a regression discontinuity design. Using a novel dataset comprising every 8-K filing between 1996 and 2006, we ...find that positive shocks to institutional ownership around Russell index reconstitutions increase the quantity, form, and quality of disclosure. Compared with those at the bottom of the Russell 1000 index, firms at the top of the Russell 2000 index increase institutional ownership by 9.8%, and disclose 4.7% longer 8-K filings with 21.3% more embedded graphics. This incremental disclosure significantly increases the information content of 8-K filings for the market and for analysts.
We examine the current state of the US public corporation and how it has evolved over the last 40 years. After falling by 50 percent since its peak in 1997, the number of public corporations is now ...smaller than 40 years ago. These corporations are now much larger and over the last twenty years have become much older; they invest differently, as the average firm invests more in R&D than it spends on capital expenditures; and compared to the 1990s, the ratio of investment to assets is lower, especially for large firms. Public firms have record high cash holdings and, in most recent years, the average firm has more cash than long-term debt. Measuring profitability by the ratio of earnings to assets, the average firm is less profitable, but that is driven by smaller firms. Earnings of public firms have become more concentrated—the top 200 firms in profits earn as much as all public firms combined. Firms' total payouts to shareholders as a percent of earnings are at record levels. Possible explanations for the current state of the public corporation include a decrease in the net benefits of being a public company, changes in financial intermediation, technological change, globalization, and consolidation through mergers.
The Indonesian stock market is a growing financial industry that plays a strategic role in the growth of the country’s economy. Its development is affected by various factors. This study examined the ...impact of the exchange rate, gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, inflation, foreign portfolio investment (FPI), and domestic political stability on stock market capitalization. Quarterly data between 2000:Q1 and 2020:Q4 are used. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is applied to identify long-run relationships between variables. To understand how fast the system reaches equilibrium after a shock, the model also examines short-run relationships using an error correction model (ECM). The findings show that the impact of exchange rate, interest rate, and inflation on stock market capitalization is negative in the long run. While the GDP, FPI, and political stability are positive. Increment in the US Dollar against the Indonesian Rupiah, interest rate, and inflation by 1% respectively, caused stock market capitalization to fall by 1.31%, 0.06%, and 0.04%. A rise in GDP, FPI, and political stability by 1% respectively, increases the stock market’s value by 1.17%, 1.08%, and 1.28%. In the short run, the coefficient of ECM indicates the speed of adjustment of the system: the occurrence of the shock to reach long-run equilibrium is quick enough, at 63.8% each quarter. The study recommends governments evaluate the impact of these factors when formulating monetary policies, promote economic growth, and continuously implement good governance, thus supporting stock market development.
•Innovate Account for macro-financial regimes in the specific case of Shariah-compliant equity investing.•Used the Markov Regime Driven Style allocation (MRDS) strategy for Shariah-compliant ...portfolio construction.•Backtest the MRDS on the Shariah-compliant equities from the S&P 500 universe over the period 1986–2016.•Results suggest that MRDS improves the level and stability of relative performance, as compared to single-style portfolios.•The MRDS strategy also mitigates risk by reducing the volatility, value-at-risk, and drawdowns.
This study proposes the Markov Regime Driven Style allocation (MRDS) strategy for Shariah-compliant portfolio construction, a forward-looking methodology that merges economic forecasting with Shariah-compliant investment principles. By using Shariah-compliant equities from the S&P 500 universe over the period 1986–2016, we find that a Shariah-compliant investor can achieve stable performance by dynamically allocating across investment styles determined from the macro-financial information, as compared with various single style strategies. The MRDS improves both the level and stability of relative performance. This strategy also successfully mitigates risk by reducing volatility, value-at-risk, and portfolio drawdowns.
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