To determine the recommended blood pressure (BP) measurement methods in neonates after systematically analyzing the literature regarding proper BP cuff size and measurement location and method.
A ...literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from 1946 to 2017 on BP in neonates <3 months of age (PROSPERO ID CRD42018092886). Study data were extracted and analyzed with separate analysis of Bland-Altman studies comparing measurement methods.
Of 3587 nonduplicate publications identified, 34 were appropriate for inclusion in the analysis. Four studies evaluating BP cuff size support a recommendation for a cuff width to arm circumference ratio of approximately 0.5. Studies investigating measurement location identified the upper arm as the most accurate and least variable location for oscillometric BP measurement. Analysis of studies using Bland-Altman methods for comparison of intra-arterial to oscillometric BP measurement show that the 2 methods correlate best for mean arterial pressure, whereas systolic BP by the oscillometric method tends to overestimate intra-arterial systolic BP. Compared with intra-arterial methods, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure by oscillometric methods are less accurate and precise, especially in neonates with a mean arterial pressure <30 mm Hg.
Proper BP measurement is critical in neonates with naturally lower BP and attention to BP cuff size, location, and method of measurement are essential. With decreasing use of intra-arterial catheters for long-term BP monitoring in neonates, further studies are urgently needed to validate and develop oscillometric methodology with enhanced accuracy.
•A 3-D heat transfer model of wall is established and validated by thermoelectricity analogy theory.•The higher the thermal resistance of homogeneous layer, the more uniform the temperature and heat ...flow.•The maximum error of U-value is up to 26% due to random location of heat flow meters.•It is unscientific that the heat flow meter is deliberately kept away from mortar joint.•The best distance of heat flow meter is 20–32mm away from mortar joint edge.
This paper aims at determining the combined influence of the location of thermocouples and heat flow meters, the size, shape and pasting angle of the heat flow meters on the measurement accuracy of the wall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) using the heat flow meter method. A three-dimensional wall heat transfer model is established, including the thermal bridge effects of mortar joints, and validated by thermoelectricity analogy theory. The results show that the measurement error can be up to 6% when the thermocouples are improperly pasted, and up to 26% when the heat flow meters are improperly pasted. It clearly demonstrates that correct layouts obviously improve the measurement accuracy. For a symmetrical structural wall, a higher accuracy can be obtained when the heat flow meter is located on the inner surface, while for an asymmetrical structural wall, the measurement accuracy can be much higher when the heat flow meter is located on the side with greater thermal resistance. The positive error is a maximum when the meter location is at the mortar joint intersection, while the negative error is a maximum when the meter location is exactly at the center of a block. The best distance is 20–32mm away from the mortar joint edge. Moreover, the size, shape and pasting angle of the heat flow meters have influence on the measurement accuracy with different degrees.
Surface electromyogram (sEMG) based hand gesture recognition for prosthesis or armband is an important application of the human-machine interface. However, the measurement location of sensors greatly ...influences the hand gesture performance, especially with the inter-day or inter-subject validation protocols. Therefore, we acquired two-day hand gesture data of 41 subjects with a 256 (16×16) channel high-density sEMG electrode array. With the acquired data, we initially compared the support vector machine (SVM) and other four state-of-art classifiers under three validation protocols, i.e., intra-day, inter-day and inter-subject validation protocols. Then, we screened 14 feature optimization techniques, including 5 feature-projection methods and 9 feature-ranking approaches. To present the accuracy tendency with varying measure locations, we systematically explored the 10-hand gesture performance using data of 16 prosthesis measurement locations (PMLs) and 15 armband measurement locations (AMLs). As a result, the SVM classifier was suitable for the intra-day and inter-day validation protocols and the 2-dimensional convolutional neural network was selected for the inter-subject validation protocol. The mean accuracies of the hand gesture classification ranged from 95.68% to 99.12% (intra-day validation), from 68.41% to 88.02% (inter-day validation) and from 63.39% to 86.33% (inter-subject validation) for the prosthesis application. In addition, for the armband application, the mean accuracies ranged from 96.25% to 97.43% (intra-day validation), from 67.44% to 75.83% (inter-day validation) and from 65.53% to 75.40% (inter-subject validation). The accuracy is greatly correlated with the measurement location, which is highly associated with the neuromuscular structures of human bodies. In summary, our work can serve as a factor-screening tool for users customizing their systems according to their physical conditions and requirements.
The Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery test is recognised to better characterise the high-temperature property of bituminous binders than the traditional methods, especially for polymer modified ...bitumen (PmB). However, some experimental parameters may affect the test results, such as the preloading, measurement location, stress level. In this study, the effects of these parameters were evaluated through an interlaboratory experiment. Four bituminous binders were short-term aged and analysed by five different laboratories. The variability in most results met the requirements of the European standard, while some failed to pass the American precision criteria. The preloading at 0.1 kPa with ten cycles was found to have a recordable impact on PmB samples, but a less significant effect was observed for the unmodified ones. With the measurement locations, the influence is limited compared to other parameters. As for stress sensitivity, higher stresses lead to remarkable differences.
Aim: To assess the usefulness and efficacy of pulse oximetry (disappearance/reappearance of plethsmographic waves) as a method of non-invasive blood pressure monitoring in neonates. Objective: To ...investigate the reliability of the plethysmographic wave form of the pulse oximeter to measure the systolic blood pressure. Study Setting: A prospective observational study was done to assess usefulness and efficacy of pulse oximetry (disappearance/reappearance of plethysmographic waves) as a method of non-invasive blood pressure monitoring in neonates. Material and Methods: The study was conducted among 500 neonates to investigate the reliability of the plethysmographic waveform of the pulse oximeter to measure the systolic blood pressure as it is a easy way to perform and non invasive. Statistical Analysis Used: The results will compare and analyse statistically by Pearson correlation co-efficient. Regression modeling will carried out to explain the relationship of non-invasive blood pressure with mean DP and RP and attempted to predict the non-invasive blood pressure from mean DP/mean RP. Results: The study results revealed that NIBP systolic and diastolic both correlated with DP and RP of pulse oximetry plethysmograph. Conclusion: Study concluded that pulse oximetry is a reliable tool in measuring blood pressure in neonates (appearance and disappearance of plethysmogram).
Summary
The bone mineral density (BMD) loss is closely related to coronary heart disease (CAD). The BMD measured at different locations differ in BMD values, the risk to CAD, and the capability to ...identify CAD. An average BMD of the right and left femoral neck being below − 1.70 has the ability to indicate risk of CAD.
Purpose
Previous studies have reported that low bone mineral density (BMD) is closely related to coronary artery disease (CAD); however, it is not clear that the BMD loss at which location to what extent has the greatest effect in identifying risk of CAD. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different measurement sites of BMD in identifying CAD and analyze the best measurement sites and the optimal cut-off of BMD for CAD.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study in which 180 of 817 participants were diagnosed with CAD. All participants in the study were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for BMD at 8 locations, and following measurements were derived: the average BMD of lumbar spine (L1–L4), femoral neck (left and right), and total proximal femur (left and right). The association between BMD at different locations and CAD was analyzed using logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to select the optimal measurement location and cut-off value of the BMD for identifying CAD.
Results
There were significant differences in BMD at 3 different measurement locations. Higher BMD is a protective factor against CAD, which is more pronounced in the femoral neck and total proximal femur (ORs = 0.47 ~ 0.66, P < 0.001) than in the lumbar spine (ORs = 0.74 ~ 0.79, P < 0.001). The optimal site for predicting the risk of CAD by BMD is the femoral neck, with the AUC (area under the ROC curve) is 0.72 (95% CI: 0.67 ~ 0.76) and the cut-off is − 1.70.
Conclusion
The BMD below particular cut-off of the femoral neck rather than of the lumbar spine may have certain further research value for revealing the risk of CAD.
Vibration testing is necessary for functionality and durability evaluations of equipment that may undergo performance degradation due to operational vibrations. Here, we propose a planning method for ...the vibration testing of equipment with high slenderness ratios, such as missiles, and excitation, support, and measurement locations are important factors for the test configuration. A finite element model was used to calculate the normal modes and suitability indexes, based on the excitation and support locations. The measurement locations were obtained via the effective-independence method. Indexes of the response of dominant modes to excitation were generated for each surface through vibration testing involving various excitation, support, and measurement locations. The suitability indexes of excitation and support locations, exhibited a high correlation with the indexes of response magnitude in the dominant modes of the equipment. Therefore, the vibration test configuration can be planned effectively by exciting dominant modes of equipment under test.
For the automotive industry, the quantification of vibratory forces is a key challenge to improve acoustic comfort. We present in this papers an original method allowing to find the optimal ...positioning of a set of accelerometers on a test bench and the regularisation of the inverse problem taking into account uncertainties, for the experimental reconstruction by inverse method of the blocked forces at the interface between two mechanical structures. The optimization of the sensors location is done by minimizing the mean coherence coefficient (MCC) of the rows of the matrix of transfer functions (TF). The regularization of the inverse problem is done by modal analysis and modal smoothing of the transferts functions. Finally, we use the Polynomial Chaos to take intou account uncertainties on the transfer functions and on the solution of the inverse problem. These method have been tested on a industrial test bench and validated by comparison to the direct method measurements..
This study suggests a methodology for the decision of water quality measurement locations in order to identify water quality problems within a pipe network system under abnormal conditions. A water ...supply system conversion due to the occurrence of tank or pump problems between water supply zones was set as a possible abnormal scenario and the water flow direction sensitivity of the pipeline was quantified to estimate the water quality monitoring priority. The proposed methodology was applied to a new city, A, in South Korea, and the results are analyzed in detail and presented. The proposed methodology can be used as a method to select water quality monitoring points when establishing an operation plan for emergency link pipes. It is also expected that it can be applied in the evaluation of the adequacy of the previously established emergency link pipe operation plan.
In this paper, a structural model updating technique is presented using frequency domain representation of incomplete strain data to identify the location and severity of structural damages. The most ...important challenges of model updating methods such as selection of excitation, measurement locations and interested frequency ranges are addressed. Distribution of strain energy in all structural elements and norms of the derived sensitivity equation are utilized for the selection of measurement and excitation locations. The important effect of different level of noise in measurement data and modelling error on the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method are investigated. A bowstring truss and a two-storey single-bay frame are used to evaluate the numerical ability of proposed method. The results prove the potentials of the proposed method in identifying the location and severity of damage in the presence of different errors.
PDF
