BACKGROUND: Chemical accidents have increased owing to chemical usage, human error and technical failures during the last decades. Many countries have organized supervisory authorities in charge of ...enforcing related rules and regulations to prevent chemical accidents.A very important part in chemical accidents has been coping with comprehensive first aid tool. Therefore, the present research has provided information with the initial applications concern to the rapid analysis of hazardous material using instruments in vehicle of field mode after chemical accidents.METHODS AND RESULTS: Mobile measurement vehicle was manufactured to obtain information regarding field assessments of chemical accidents. This vehicle was equipped with four instruments including gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ion Chromatography (IC), and UV/Vis spectrometer (UV) to analyses of accident preparedness substances, volatile compounds, and organic gases. Moreover, this work was the first examined the evaluation of applicability for analysis instruments using 20 chemicals in various accident preparedness substances (GC/MS; 6 chemicals,FT-IR; 2 chemicals, IC; 11 chemicals, and UV; 1 chemical) and their calibration curves were obtained with high linearity (r2 > 0.991). Our results were observed the advantage of the high chromatographic peak capacity,fast analysis, and good sensitivity as well as resolution.CONCLUSION: When chemical accidents are occurred,the posted measurement vehicle may be utilized as tool an effective for qualitative and quantitative information in the scene of an accident owing to the rapid analysis of hazardous material.
BACKGROUND: Chemical accidents have increased owing to chemical usage, human error and technical failures during the last decades. Many countries have organized supervisory authorities in charge of ...enforcing related rules and regulations to prevent chemical accidents. A very important part in chemical accidents has been coping with comprehensive first aid tool. Therefore, the present research has provided information with the initial applications concern to the rapid analysis of hazardous material using instruments in vehicle of field mode after chemical accidents. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mobile measurement vehicle was manufactured to obtain information regarding field assessments of chemical accidents. This vehicle was equipped with four instruments including gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ion Chromatography (IC), and UV/Vis spectrometer (UV) to analyses of accident preparedness substances, volatile compounds, and organic gases. Moreover, this work was the first examined the evaluation of applicability for analysis instruments using 20 chemicals in various accident preparedness substances (GC/MS; 6 chemicals, FT-IR; 2 chemicals, IC; 11 chemicals, and UV; 1 chemical) and their calibration curves were obtained with high linearity (r2 0.991). Our results were observed the advantage of the high chromatographic peak capacity, fast analysis, and good sensitivity as well as resolution. CONCLUSION: When chemical accidents are occurred, the posted measurement vehicle may be utilized as tool an effective for qualitative and quantitative information in the scene of an accident owing to the rapid analysis of hazardous material.
The total length of sewer pipelines in Japan is over 440,000 kilometers. Until now, experienced inspectors have conducted visual inspections by watching in-pipe animation images that are obtained ...from an autonomous vehicle equipped with a CCD camera. Their inspection methods have difficulties of quantitative evaluation with high accuracy because the viewpoints depend on the judging skills of the inspectors. In this study, we developed vehicles equipped with an inertial navigation system (INS) consisting of a gyro sensor and accelerometer in order to measure unevenness of the sewer pipe accurately and quantitatively. We also aim to achieve a simple measurement scheme at comparatively low cost. To accomplish these missions, two vehicles were designed and manufactured. The first vehicle is designed for the function of driving and pulls a second vehicle. The second vehicle’s only function is measurement; it is towed and does not move independently. We use the MEMS sensor devices installed on the second vehicle to suit our particular needs of low price and small size. However, these low-priced gyro sensors are notorious for their inaccuracy (experiencing such problems as drift error). We apply the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm to reduce the estimation errors. We use quaternions as state variables of the posture for the 3D coordinate system. The experimental study shows that the suggested algorithms effectively remove the errors and can lead to systematic measurement schemes to accurately determine the unevenness of the sewer pipes.
This paper depicts the field trials and results for in-band digital radio technologies in Korea. For the in-band methods, HD Radio and DRM+ are considered. In HD Radio, MP3 hybrid mode and MP5 all ...digital modes are selected, and 4-QAM and 16-QAM are selected for DRM+. To evaluate the practical performance of each technology, system parameters and received electric field strength are evaluated in various test routes and environments. In the field trial, listening tests are also executed by test staffs, and the results of listening tests are analyzed and compared with results of system parameters. Since the trials consider various practical reception environments, the test results can be used as references for decision of digital radio standard.
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