Human lactation has evolved to produce a milk composition that is uniquely-designed for the human infant. Not only does human milk optimize infant growth and development, it also provides protection ...from infection and disease. More recently, the importance of human milk and breastfeeding in the programming of infant health has risen to the fore. Anchoring of infant feeding in the developmental origins of health and disease has led to a resurgence of research focused in this area. Milk composition is highly variable both between and within mothers. Indeed the distinct maternal human milk signature, including its own microbiome, is influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, health, body composition and geographic residence. An understanding of these changes will lead to unravelling the adaptation of milk to the environment and its impact on the infant. In terms of the promotion of breastfeeding, health economics and epidemiology is instrumental in shaping public health policy and identifying barriers to breastfeeding. Further, basic research is imperative in order to design evidence-based interventions to improve both breastfeeding duration and women’s breastfeeding experience.
Cow's milk and dairy are commonly consumed foods in the human diet and contribute to maintaining a healthy nutritional state, providing unique sources of energy, calcium, protein, and vitamins, ...especially during early childhood. Milk formula is usually made from cow's milk and represents the first food introduced into an infant's diet when breastfeeding is either not possible or insufficient to cover nutritional needs. Very recently, increased awareness of cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance, and higher preference to vegan dietary habits have influenced parents towards frequently choosing cows' milk substitutes for children, comprising other mammalian milk types and plant-based milk beverages. However, many of these milk alternatives do not necessarily address the nutritional requirements of infants and children. There is a strong need to promote awareness about qualitative and quantitative nutritional compositions of different milk formulas, in order to guide parents and medical providers selecting the best option for children. In this article, we sought to review the different compositions in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients of milk from different mammalian species, including special milk formulas indicated for cow's milk allergy, and of plant-based milk alternatives.
The purpose of this Special Issue “Cow’s Milk and Allergy” is to provide an overview of the association of cow’s milk with allergy. This topic has two quite different faces. On the one hand, we are ...all aware of the importance of cow’s milk allergy in early life. What is less known is that the consumption of raw, unprocessed milk is associated with a lower incidence of asthma and rhinitis. This Special Issue takes a closer look at all of these aspects of cow’s milk and allergy and focus on the following questions:
A growing number of consumers opt for plant-based milk substitutes for medical reasons or as a lifestyle choice. Medical reasons include lactose intolerance, with a worldwide prevalence of 75%, and ...cow's milk allergy. Also, in countries where mammal milk is scarce and expensive, plant milk substitutes serve as a more affordable option. However, many of these products have sensory characteristics objectionable to the mainstream western palate. Technologically, plant milk substitutes are suspensions of dissolved and disintegrated plant material in water, resembling cow's milk in appearance. They are manufactured by extracting the plant material in water, separating the liquid, and formulating the final product. Homogenization and thermal treatments are necessary to improve the suspension and microbial stabilities of commercial products that can be consumed as such or be further processed into fermented dairy-type products. The nutritional properties depend on the plant source, processing, and fortification. As some products have extremely low protein and calcium contents, consumer awareness is important when plant milk substitutes are used to replace cow's milk in the diet, e.g. in the case of dairy intolerances. If formulated into palatable and nutritionally adequate products, plant-based substitutes can offer a sustainable alternative to dairy products.
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with ...improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
Cow´s milk is one of the most important and basic nutrients introduced early in life in our diet but can induce IgE-associated allergy. IgE-associated allergy to cow´s milk can cause severe allergic ...manifestations in the gut, skin and even in the respiratory tract and may lead to life-threatening anaphylactic shock due to the stability of certain cow´s milk allergens. Here, we provide an overview about the allergen molecules in cow´s milk and the advantages of the molecular diagnosis of IgE sensitization to cow´s milk by serology. In addition, we review current strategies for prevention and treatment of cow´s milk allergy and discuss how they could be improved in the future by innovative molecular approaches that are based on defined recombinant allergens, recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives and synthetic peptides.
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•Health issues and lifestyle choice for reducing cow's milk intake.•Plant-based milk substitute is a water-soluble extract of plant material.•Technological aspects on the production ...of plant-based milk were reviewed.•Procedures to improve the quality of the final product have been described.
A growing number of consumers opt for plant-based milk substitutes for medical reasons, like cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), lactose intolerance (LI), or as a lifestyle choice. Plant-based milk substitutes, or plant extracts, are water-soluble extracts of legumes, oilseeds, cereals or pseudocereals that resemble bovine milk in appearance. It is produced by reducing the size of the raw material, extracted in water and subsequently homogenized, being an alternative to cow's milk. They are considered cow's milk replacers due to similar chemical composition and can also be used as a substitute for direct use or in some animal milk-based preparations. On the other hand, these substitutes exhibit different sensory characteristics, stability and nutritional composition from cow's milk. They are manufactured by extracting the raw material in water, separating the liquid, and formulating the final product. Others process like homogenization and thermal treatments are indispensable to improve the suspension and microbiological stabilities of the final product so that can be consumed. However new and advanced non-thermal processing technologies such as ultra-high pressure homogenization and pulsed electric field processing are being researched for tackling the problems related to increase of shelf life, emulsion stability, nutritional completeness and sensory acceptability without the use of high temperatures. Some pre-treatments such as peeling, bleaching or soaking can be performed on the raw material in order to improve the final product. The nutritional properties are influenced by the plant source, processing, and fortification. The addition of other ingredients as sugar, oil and flavorings is done to the plant-based milk substitute to make them more palatable and be more acceptable to consumers. Thus, the aim is to review the main reasons for the consumption of plant-based milk substitute as well as the raw materials used and the technological aspects of its production.
Milk is an essential source of protein for infants and young children. At the same time, cow's milk is also one of the most common allergenic foods causing food allergies in children. Recently, cow's ...milk allergy (CMA) has become a common public health issue worldwide. Modern food processing technologies have been developed to reduce the allergenicity of milk proteins and improve the quality of life of patients with CMA. In this review, we summarize the main allergens in cow's milk, and introduce the recent findings on CMA responses. Moreover, the reduced effects and underlying mechanisms of different food processing techniques (such as heating, high pressure, γ-ray irradiation, ultrasound irradiation, hydrolysis, glycosylation, etc.) on the allergenicity of cow's milk proteins, and the application of processed cow's milk in clinical studies, are discussed. In addition, we describe the changes of nutritional value in cow's milk treated by different food processing technologies. This review provides an in-depth understanding of the allergenicity reduction of cow's milk proteins by various food processing techniques.
A 100-Year Review: Advances in goat milk research Clark, Stephanie; Mora García, María Bárbara
Journal of dairy science,
December 2017, 2017-Dec, 2017-12-00, 20171201, Volume:
100, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In the century of research chronicled between 1917 and 2017, dairy goats have gone from simply serving as surrogates to cows to serving as transgenic carriers of human enzymes. Goat milk has been an ...important part of human nutrition for millennia, in part because of the greater similarity of goat milk to human milk, softer curd formation, higher proportion of small milk fat globules, and different allergenic properties compared with cow milk; however, key nutritional deficiencies limit its suitability for infants. Great attention has been given not only to protein differences between goat and cow milk, but also to fat and enzyme differences, and their effect on the physical and sensory properties of goat milk and milk products. Physiological differences between the species necessitate different techniques for analysis of somatic cell counts, which are naturally higher in goat milk. The high value of goat milk throughout the world has generated a need for a variety of techniques to detect adulteration of goat milk products with cow milk. Advances in all of these areas have been largely documented in the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), and this review summarizes such advances.
Introducción. Los sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) cuentan con atributos que permiten constituirse en una alternativa para lograr incrementos en parámetros como la cantidad y calidad de leche en ...ambientes tropicales (Rivera et al., 2012). Es así como en Champotón, Campeche, se están implementado SSP desde hace tiempo; sin embargo, actualmente existe poca información de la calidad de la leche producida bajo estas condiciones. Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad fisicoquímica de leche cruda de ganado bovino de doble propósito bajo silvopastoreo en el municipio de Champotón, Campeche. Métodos. Se tomaron 35 muestras de leche cruda de bovino del tanque recolector individual de cada unidad de producción evaluada para determinar densidad, sólidos no grasos, grasa, proteína, lactosa y minerales por medio del equipo LactoScan SP® y ser comparados con los valores reportados en la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-155-SCFI-2012. Resultados y discusión. Los valores de grasa y densidad (25.5 g/L y 999.2 kg/m3, respectivamente), fueron menores a los indicados por la norma; sólidos no grasos (85.3 g/L), proteína (31.2 g/L) y lactosa (45.5 g/L) se encontraron en el límite inferior y los minerales (0.71%) obtuvieron valores dentro del rango normal. Si bien, Rivera et al. (2012) mencionan que los valores de las características antes mencionadas y sólidos totales pueden aumentar si se implementan SSP intensivos al ofrecer una dieta mejor balanceada para el ganado, también es de reconocer que la mayoría de los SSP se caracterizan por un manejo técnico incipiente y poca tecnología (Carulla y Ortega, 2016), por lo que se desaprovechan las potencialidades del sistema. Conclusión. La leche de bovino de doble propósito producida en SSP del municipio de Champotón, Campeche, presenta niveles bajos de grasa y densidad con referencia a la NOM-155-SCFI-2012, además de estar en el límite de considerarse de baja calidad.
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